特定物毁损执行之应对机制  

Executive mechanism of thedamaged specific objects

作　　者：马登科[1] 黄学欣 MA Dengke;HUANG Xuexin(Executive Research Institute,Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120,P.R.China;Changchun Intermediate People’s Court,Changchun 130062,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学执行研究院,重庆401120 [2]长春市中级人民法院,吉林长春130062

出　　处：《重庆大学学报（社会科学版）》2022年第6期243-257,共15页Journal of Chongqing University(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：司法部国家法治与法学理论研究一般项目“环境公益诉讼判决对私益诉讼效力结构研究”(19SFB2033)。

摘　　要：特定物执行,以原物执行为原则,但执行过程中难免发生特定物毁损问题。在立法上,我国早在1998年的《最高人民法院关于人民法院执行工作若干问题的规定(试行)》中便予以关注。从1998年至今,我国特定物毁损执行的模式经历了从“折价赔偿或者替代执行”,到“协商或另诉”模式,再到“协商或再审或另诉”模式的逐步演化。司法上,关涉特定物毁损问题的执行案件也基本呈现逐年上升的态势。虽然面对特定物毁损之执行问题,我国的法律探索已经走过了20几个年头,但关涉特定物毁损之执行的问题,目前仍存有当事人诉求各异,执行机构无所适从的实践困局,也存有执行标的、诉讼标的、既判力标准时学说多元并存衔接不畅的理论尴尬。2018年新出台之《最高人民法院关于人民法院立案、审判与执行工作协调运行的意见》虽然引入“最后一次法庭辩论终结时”此时间节点,但其所提之新救济方案——“再审或另诉”,却面临时间设置缺漏、特定物毁损要素缺乏考量、救济体系不合理等诘难。从问题成因来看,特定物毁损之执行问题,乃因实体法与程序法的贯通性不足以及受程序法的内容框架认知不深的影响所致。对此,结合国内外特定物毁损之执行应对机制架构,如果能强化执行调查,精确把握特定物状况,精准实现程序分流,改良执行方式,以及植入备位执行和备位诉讼,则可适度缓解或疏导特定物毁损之执行不能的现存问题。然而,现实情况是,审判、执行救济法官关涉特定物执行的理论立场本就不一,以统一模式强行衔接的正当性更是不足,故而此种解决路径应当予以抛弃或改良。理论多元、环节多段的背景下,利用法官个体观点立场的前后一致和逻辑自洽,合理配置执行启动审查权,通过贯彻实行审执分离,执行法官专门处理执行事务,再不介入审判和救�The execution of specific objects is based on the principle of original object execution,but the damage of specific objects is inevitable in the process of execution.In terms of legislation,China paid attention to it as early as 1998 in the Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning Execution Work of People’s Courts(Trial).Since 1998,the mode of execution of damaged specific objects in China has evolved from“compensation at a discount or alternative execution”to“negotiation or separate action”,and then to“negotiation or retrial or separate action”.In terms of justice,the execution cases related to damaged specific objects also show a rising trend year by year.Although the legal exploration of China has gone through more than 20 years in the face of the execution of damaged specific objects,there are still problems related to execution of damaged specific objects.At present,there are still different demands of the parties,the enforcement agencies are in a practical dilemma,and there are also theoretical embarrassments of the coexistence and poor connection of multiple theories of the subject matter of enforcement,the subject matter of litigation,and the standard of res judicata.Although the newly issued Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on the Coordinated Operation of the People’s Court’s Filing,Trial and Execution Work in 2018 introduced the time node of“the end of the last court debate”,the new relief plan proposed by the Supreme People’s Court—“retrial or separate action”faces challenges such as lack of time setting,lack of consideration of specific damage elements,and unreasonable relief system.From the perspective of the causes of the problem,the problems of execution of damaged specific objects are due to the lack of continuity between substantive law and procedural law and the lack of deep understanding of the content framework of procedural law.In this regard,in combination with the implementation response mechanism framework of damaged spec

关 键 词：特定物毁损 执行标的 诉讼标的 既判力标准时 衔接 

分 类 号：D926.2[政治法律—法学]