启蒙文学的内在理路:从斯宾诺莎到萨德  

The Inner Path of Enlightenment Literature:From Spinoza to Sade

作　　者：刘小枫[1] LIU Xiaofeng

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学文学院

出　　处：《国外文学》2022年第4期12-27,共16页Foreign Literatures

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“《牛津古典大辞典》中文版翻译”(项目编号:17ZDA320)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：著名的(或臭名昭著的)自由放荡作家萨德自称“哲学家”,第二次世界大战结束后,诸多法国后现代派文人甚至奉他为“伟大的哲学家之一”。如果萨德的小说和戏剧是一种哲学,那么,它只能被名为“反人类基本道德的启蒙哲学”。萨德小说是法国启蒙哲学的嗣子,但其思想源头还得追溯到17世纪的斯宾诺莎。人的灵魂最终受源于自然欲望的想象、冲动和情绪支配,这是斯宾诺莎在《伦理学》中提出的著名命题,它使得斯宾诺莎的伦理学“看起来似乎纯粹是实在哲学”,实质上是“一种解放哲学”,无论在本体论领域还是伦理和政治领域,它“都在展示从束缚走向自由的道路”。澄清萨德小说与斯宾诺莎哲学的关系,有助于我们更好地认识欧洲启蒙文学的性质。The famous(or notorious) libertine writer Sade called himself a “philosopher”, and after World War II, many French postmodernist literati even hailed him as “one of the great philosophers”. If Sade’s novels and dramas were some kind of philosophy, it could only be called “philosophy of enlightenment against basic human morality”. Sade’s novels are the heirs of French Enlightenment philosophy, but their intellectual origins can be traced back to Spinoza in the seventeenth century. The human soul is ultimately governed by imagination, impulses and emotions derived from natural desires, a famous proposition that Spinoza put forward in his Ethics, which makes Spinoza’s ethics “seem to be purely a philosophy of reality” and in essence “a philosophy of liberation”, which “shows the path from bondage to freedom” in both the ontological and the ethical and political spheres. Clarifying the relationship between Sade’s novels and Spinoza’s philosophy helps us to better understand the nature of European Enlightenment literature.

关 键 词：斯宾诺莎 歌德 萨德 康德 自由放荡文学 

分 类 号：I06[文学—文学理论]