人工智能技术创新能拉动企业劳动力需求吗?  

Does Artificial Intelligence Innovation Increase Firm Labor Demand?

作　　者：冯喜良[1] 邱玥 FENG Xiliang;QIU Yue(School of Labor Economics,Capital University of Economic and Business,Beijing 100070,China)

机构地区：[1]首都经济贸易大学劳动经济学院,北京100070

出　　处：《北京工商大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第2期15-27,共13页JOURNAL OF BEIJING TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS UNIVERSITY:SOCIAL SCIENCES

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“人工智能对劳动力市场的冲击及劳动者知识技能转换应对研究”(19AGL025);首都经济贸易大学博士生学术新人项目“数字经济下的劳动争议预警及协调机制研究”(2022XSXR11)。

摘　　要：人工智能作为新一轮技术革命的标志性技术正深度融入各经济社会领域,在加速传统产业企业转型升级的同时引致了企业劳动力需求的新变化。基于2016—2020年385家中国上市公司数据,采用面板固定效应模型分析了人工智能技术创新对企业劳动力需求的影响。研究发现:(1)人工智能技术创新显著负向影响企业劳动力需求规模;(2)人工智能技术创新提高了中等技能和高技能劳动力需求的份额,显著降低了低技能劳动力需求的份额,同时对技术类、财务类、行政管理类岗位的劳动力需求提升起到正向影响,对生产类岗位的劳动力需求起到负向影响;(3)人工智能技术创新对企业劳动力需求的负向影响会通过生产效率的提升进一步增强。因此,为实现企业智能化转型与劳动力配置的相对平衡,一方面需要培养创新型领军企业,扩大人工智能技术创造效应;另一方面应当评估知识技能需求变化,实现劳动力资源与产业发展的动态匹配。As a landmark technology of the new round of technological revolution,artificial intelligence(AI)has been applied to all walks of life in society,which leads to new changes in firm labor demand while accelerating the transformation and upgrading of firms in traditional industries.Based on the data of 385 Chinese listed companies from 2016 to 2020,this paper uses a panel fixed effect model to analyze the impact of AI innovation on firm labor demand.The findings are as follows.(1)AI innovation has a significantly negative impact on firm labor demand.(2)AI innovation increases the demand share of medium-and high-skilled labor,and significantly reduces the demand share of low-skilled labor.In addition,it increases the proportion of labor demand of technical,financial and administrative posts,and has a negative impact on that of production posts.(3)The negative impact of AI innovation on firm labor demand is further enhanced through the improvement of productivity.Therefore,in order to achieve the balance between firms’intelligent transformation and labor allocation,it is necessary to cultivate innovative leading firms and expand the creative effect of AI.Moreover,it is necessary to assess changes in demand for knowledge and skill and realize the dynamic matching between labor resources and industrial development.

关 键 词：人工智能 技术创新 劳动力需求 劳动力替代 劳动力结构 

分 类 号：F241[经济管理—劳动经济]