不同运动方式对儿童青少年体质健康提升效果的差异  

Differences in Effects of Different Exercise Modes on Improving Physical Fitness of Children and Adolescents

作　　者：董露露 陈亮[1] 刘一平[1] DONG Lulu;CHEN Liang;LIU Yiping(Fujian Normal University,Fuzhou 350117,China)

机构地区：[1]福建师范大学,福建福州350117

出　　处：《中国体育科技》2022年第12期28-36,共9页China Sport Science and Technology

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(15CTY019);福建省社会科学规划项目(FJ2020B082)。

摘　　要：目的:比较不同运动方式影响儿童青少年体质健康的相对效果,为制定有效的运动处方提供循证依据。方法:通过PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网等数据库进行检索,筛检运动干预儿童青少年的随机对照实验相关文献,最终纳入56篇文献,包含5种运动形式;基于Cochrane 5.3系统评价手册,运用Review Manager 5.3软件进行方法学质量评价,运用R-Studio软件和Addis 1.16.6软件进行统计学分析。结果:运动方式选择对儿童青少年体质健康提升存在差异性,具体表现为:儿童期,提高坐位体前屈成绩最佳的运动方式为力量练习(resistance training,RT);立定跳远为多元动作中低强度组合类运动(medium-lowintensity multi-motion training,MT)、RT、运动时间延长(prolonged time of exercise,PTE);仰卧起坐为有氧运动(aerobic exercise,AE)。青少年期,提高20 m递进式有氧心血管耐力穿梭跑成绩最佳的运动方式为PTE;坐位体前屈为RT;立定跳远为MT、RT;仰卧起坐为MT。结论:1)2次/周,强度≥50%10RM的力量练习有利于改善儿童青少年的柔韧性和下肢爆发力;2)3次/周,持续时间20~30 min,强度50%~60%HR_(max)的AE有利于增强儿童的腹部力量及耐力;3)PTE对于提升儿童下肢爆发力以及青少年心肺能力有显著效果;4)运动中增设15 min瑜伽、武术、健美操等练习以及力量和有氧交替组合的运动可提升儿童青少年立定跳远及青少年仰卧起坐成绩。建议:课内体育教学和课外体育锻炼应分别针对不同年龄段儿童青少年的认知水平和体质健康水平做出差异化策略,并均应遵循持续性、多样性、个体性和增加力量练习的提升原则。Objective: To compare the relative effects of exercise modes on the physical fitness of children and adolescents, so as to provide an evidence-based basis for the formulation of effective exercise prescriptions. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) databases are retrieved to screen the literature related to randomized controlled trials of exercise interventions for children and adolescents. Fifty-six articles including 5 exercise modes are enrolled. Based on the Cochrane systematic review handbook 5.3,methodological quality is evaluated using Review Manager 5.3, and statistical analysis is carried out using R-Studio and Addis 1.16.6. Results: Differences are found in exercise modes in improving the physical fitness of children and adolescents, specifically: In childhood, the optimal exercise mode to improve sit-and-reach performance is resistance training(RT), to improve standing long jump performance is medium-low-intensity multi-motion training(MT), RT and prolonged time of exercise(PTE), and to improve sit-up performance is aerobic exercise(AE).In adolescence, the optimal exercise mode to improve 20 m progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run performance is PTE, to improve sit-and-reach performance is RT, to improve standing long jump performance is MT and RT, and to improve sit-up performance is MT. Conclusions: 1) Taking physical education(PE) classes twice a week, and RT with intensity≥50%10RM are beneficial to improve the flexibility and lower-limb explosive power of children and adolescents. 2) Taking PE classes three times a week, and AE with a duration of 20—30 min and intensity of 50%—60%HR_(max) is beneficial to enhance the abdominal strength and endurance of children. 3) PTE class has a significant effect on improving children’s lower-limb explosive power and adolescents’ cardiopulmonary capacity. 4) The addition of 15 min yoga,martial arts, aerobics, and an alternating combination of RT and AE in PE classes can improve the standing long

关 键 词：运动方式 儿童 青少年 体质健康 网状Meta分析 

分 类 号：G806[文化科学—运动人体科学]