远古的馈赠:近现代人类基因溯源突破性进展——写在2022年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖颁布之际  

The Gift of Ancient Times:a Breakthrough in The Tracing of Modern Human Genes

作　　者：关凡 吴晓敏 黄河[1] 曾朝阳[2] 熊炜[2] 范春梅 GUAN Fan;WU Xiao-Min;HUANG He;ZENG Chao-Yang;XIONG Wei;FAN Chun-Mei(School of Basic Medical Science,Central South University,Changsha 410013,China;NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education,Cancer Research Institute,Central South University,Changsha 410078,China)

机构地区：[1]中南大学基础医学院,长沙410013 [2]中南大学肿瘤研究所,国家卫健委癌变原理重点实验室和教育部癌变与侵袭原理重点实验室,长沙410078

出　　处：《生物化学与生物物理进展》2022年第12期2253-2265,共13页Progress In Biochemistry and Biophysics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(82203163);湖南省自然科学基金(2022JJ40660);长沙市自然科学基金(kq2202123)资助项目。

摘　　要：2022年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予瑞典生物学家斯万特·帕博(Svante P??bo),以表彰他在古人类基因组学和人类起源方面做出的决定性贡献。关于人类起源,存在各种学说,目前主流的观点是“走出非洲学说”。斯万特·帕博在开创一门新的学科——古人类基因组学的同时,一直在不断完善“走出非洲学说”。他借助各种生物学技术,从基因组学的角度去深入探究人类起源,发现我们身体内保留着一些来自古人类的基因印迹。这项研究意味着在研究某些疾病的时候可以追根溯源,而不是将眼光局限于基因本身,探究某个基因从哪里来将会是研究疾病的全新思路。本文总结了他在研究过程中对相关生物技术的革新、基于线粒体和核基因组对古人类的探究以及相关成果,并介绍了一些源自古人类的基因及其有关信息。The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Swedish biologist Svante P??bo for his decisive contribution to paleoanthropogenomics and human origins.There are various theories about the origin of human beings,and the current mainstream view is:out of the African doctrine.In other words,ancient humans had about three times of migrations.The first time was Homo erectus,the second was Neanderthals and Denisovans,and the third was the ancestors of modern humans.All migrated from Africa to Eurasia.While pioneering a new discipline,paleoanthropogenomics,Svante P??bo has been refining the“Out of Africa Theory”.With the help of various biological techniques,he delved into the origin of human beings from the perspective of genomics and found that some genetic imprints from ancient humans were retained in our bodies.For example,the STAT2 gene and TLR gene associated with immunity,the EPAS1 gene that contributes to hypoxic respiration and the six genes of chromosome 3 are highly positively correlated with the incidence of COVID-19.This research means that we can go back to the root of certain diseases,rather than limiting our eyes to the genes themselves,and exploring where a gene comes from will be a new way of studying diseases.We summarized his innovations in related biotechnology in the process of research,his exploration of ancient humans based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes and related results,and introduced some genes derived from ancient humans and their related information.

关 键 词：尼安德特人 丹尼索瓦人 走出非洲 核基因组测序 基因交流 抗感染 

分 类 号：Q349.55[生物学—遗传学]