情境本体和情境反思:汉字与中国传统哲学的内通性  

Situational Ontology and Situational Reflection: Connection between Chinese Characters and Traditional Chinese Philosophy

作　　者：康中乾 王江维 KANG Zhong-qian;WANG Jiang-wei(College of Marxism,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi’an,Shaanxi,710119)

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学马克思主义学院,陕西西安710119

出　　处：《深圳大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2022年第6期31-39,共9页Journal of Shenzhen University：Humanities & Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金西部项目“中国传统哲学的问题和方法”(ZOXZX004)。

摘　　要：时至今日,人们基本上还是用西方传统哲学所使用的概念化、对象性的思维方式来研究中国传统哲学思想。就中国传统哲学思想的整体和主流言,它寻求的是活在现实生活中的、当场生成和构成着的情境形上本体,相应的思维方式就是前思的或情境反思的思维。中国传统哲学思想中的这种情境本体和情境反思方式富有深刻的现象学思想识度。然而,中国古代连“哲学”这门学科门类都没有,何以能形成这种精深的、早在西方现代哲学现象学等理论出现之前就明确提出和阐发了的情境本体和情境思维方式?其中原因与汉字有重要内在关系。汉字不仅有形、声两个编码,同时可传达两个信息量,更重要的是汉字不像一切拼音文字那样在构型上是一维的线性形式,汉字是方块字,有左右或左中右、上下或上中下结构,是二维性的平面结构,这种“面”结构本身有表意性,是一种情境性的象思维。所以,汉字从根本上孕育、孳乳了中国传统哲学思想中的情境本体和情境反思的思维方式,汉字与中国传统哲学的情境本体和情境反思的思维方式有内通性。就汉字的产生言,它与非常古老的结绳纪事活动有关,即先有结绳纪事活动,后来人们将这种实物性的纪事形式移植、翻译到了平面上,这就是《易》的卦图图式;从卦图图式这里同时向两途趋进:一途是中国古代的算筹计数和运算之方,这是算术之路;另一途是中国古代的文字,这是书契之道。Up to now, people still use conceptualized and objectified way of thinking of Western traditional philosophy to study Chinese traditional philosophy. In general, the mainstream traditional Chinese philosophy explores the situational metaphysical ontology in real life, and the corresponding way and level of thinking are pre-thinking or situational reflection. The situational ontology and situational reflection in traditional Chinese philosophy are rich in profound phenomenological thought. However, it is known that ancient China did not even have the discipline of“philosophy”. How, then, could it produce the profound situational ontology and situational way of thinking that was explicitly proposed and expounded by the phenomenology theory of modern Western philosophy? The reason lies in Chinese characters. A Chinese character contains an indication of pronunciation as well as an indication of meaning.More importantly, unlike alphabetical writings which are one-dimensional and linear, Chinese writing system is not based on an alphabet. Chinese characters are in a square shape. The pattern of Chinese character structures can be roughly categorized into five types: left-right, left-middle-right, top-bottom, and top-middle-bottom. These are towdimensional flat structures. They are ideographic, representing a situational image way of thinking. Therefore, Chinese characters actually gave birth to and nurtured situational ontology and situational reflection in traditional Chinese philosophy. Chinese characters and Chinese traditional philosophy are inherently connected. In terms of creation,Chinese characters are related to keeping records using string and knots. In other words, using knots for record keeping came first, then people transferred this approach to a flat structure, resulting in the divinatory diagram schema of the Book of Changes. The diagram of hexagrams then simultaneously diverged in two directions: in one direction it developed into ancient Chinese way of counting and calculating, giving birth to ar

关 键 词：情境本体 情境反思 情境思维方式 汉字 中国传统哲学 结绳纪事 书契 

分 类 号：B21[哲学宗教—中国哲学]