两种不同的美德观念及其实践——从亚里士多德看品格教育  

Two Different Concepts of Virtue and Their Implications: Rethinking Character Education in Aristotle’s Perspective

作　　者：何芳 康永久[1] HE Fang;KANG Yongjiu(Faculty of Education,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学教育学部,北京100875

出　　处：《教育学报》2023年第1期15-27,共13页Journal of Educational Studies

基　　金：北京师范大学教育学一流学科培优项目“城市化进程中儿童青少年的成长陷阱与教育改进研究”(项目编号:YLXKPY-ZYSB202205)的中期成果。

摘　　要：品格教育把美德视为一套自身即善的客观道德真理,从预先设定的真理标准出发,使儿童接受并且按照美德所要求的行为来表现。这种致力于养成儿童特定道德品性的教育,经常将儿童置于一个自我压抑和分裂的世界。亚里士多德伦理学虽然经常被认为是品格教育思想的来源,但它并不是从道德的标准中理解道德,而是从人们对道德的追求中理解道德。在这里,一切道德行动的真正开端,就在于人的实践活动是为着一个美好的生活去努力。这样一种实践着的道德知识或品质,是客观的道德规则及其内化实践无法涵盖的。按照亚里士多德的理解,一个好的道德实践,就在于其实践的状态和方式合乎逻各斯。这一实践哲学提示我们,道德教育本身的品质是由道德教育的实践理性决定的,而不是由预定的美德或规范决定的。因为它从感觉经验出发完善道德,因而始终具有发生学意义。Character Education recognizes virtues as a set of objective moral truths good in themselves. Starting from such pre-set standards of truth, education aims to make children accept and act upon the behaviors in accordance with the virtue. This kind of Character Education dedicated to the children’s development of specific moral qualities and always placed children in a world full of self-repression and division. Although Aristotle’s ethics is often regarded as the source of Character Education theory, it does not understand moral from objective moral standards, but from people’s pursuit of virtue. The real beginning of moral actions here lies in people’s practices and efforts for a better life. Such a kind of practical moral knowledge or quality cannot be covered by objective moral rules and their internalizing practice. According to Aristotle, a good moral practice is a practice that its way or state conforms to the logos. This practical philosophy reminds us that the quality of moral education itself is determined by the practical reason of the education, not by the pre-set virtues or standards. Just because it improves moral development from people’s own feelings, this kind of practice-oriented moral education has its genetic significance all along.

关 键 词：品格教育 亚里士多德 美德 道德规则 实践理性 

分 类 号：G40[文化科学—教育学原理]