威廉·库柏前浪漫主义诗歌《使命》的反田园性  

The Anti-pastoralism in William Cowper's Pre-romantic Poem The Task

作　　者：张静文 ZHANG Jingwen

机构地区：[1]上海政法学院语言文化学院(国际交流学院)

出　　处：《广东外语外贸大学学报》2023年第1期139-148,共10页Journal of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies

基　　金：上海市哲学社会科学一般项目“英国18世纪前浪漫主义时期的文学社区研究”(2018BWY020);上海政法学院2021年度青年科研基金项目“物理论视域下威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯诗学研究”(2021XQN20)。

摘　　要：英国18世纪前浪漫主义诗人威廉·库柏(William Cowper)的抒情长诗《使命》(The Task)改变了古典田园牧歌的固有模式,显示出其有别于17、18世纪田园诗歌传统的反田园特征。库柏《使命》一诗在多个层面凸显了工业革命进程下城乡对立、田园已逝的社会风貌,以其反田园抒写表达了批判现实的特点。首先,库柏在《使命》中描绘了一系列极具彼时现实特色的事物,并将它们置于传统田园诗中自然景物的对立面,使18世纪中后期工业革命和殖民扩张带来的物质进步成为无情的符号,《使命》中蕴含的物性诗学,驱动着全诗的物质反田园抒写;其次,《使命》保留田园诗歌“隐退语境”的表层模式,借隐居生活中的乡村图景思考时下宗教、文化和政治问题,呈现对当时英国政治经济社会的深刻洞见,表达诗歌在政治主题方面的反田园立场。此外,库柏在诗歌中赋予自然事物以活力,并利用自然物推进第一人称叙述,借用乡间动物或植物的视角来观察思考、抒发情感,由此,诗歌一方面表达了对现实的痛惜,另一方面体现出对纯真自然的至高推崇。库柏诗歌对时代应有特点的敏锐捕捉,以及对18世纪上半叶田园抒写的反抗都具备深刻的反田园特性。库柏及其诗歌对之后的英国浪漫主义产生了重要影响,是英国浪漫主义诗歌的先声。The lyrical poem The Task,composed by the 18th century Pre-romantic poet William Cowper,changes the mode of classical pastoral convention,showing its anti-pastoral characteristics that are different from the traditional pastoral poetry in the 17th and early 18th century poetry.The Task,from many aspects,depicts the social life then under the industrial revolution,in which the conflict between city and country,and the loss of ideal country life are major problems,and therefore expresses the critical realism through its anti-pastoral composition.First,Cowper depicts a series of objects typical of realistic features at that time and places them in the opposition to the natural objects in traditional pastorals,making the material progress brought about by the industrial revolution and colonial expansion in the mid-18th century ruthless symbols;by applying the poetics of materiality,the poet makes The Task a material anti-pastoral.Secondly,Cowper in The Task retains the surface mode of the“discourse of retreat”of the pastoral poetry and employs the rural scenery in his reclusive life to contemplate religious,cultural and political issues of his time;the poet presents his deep concern and introspection about the British political,economic,and social issues at that time,and profoundly expresses his political anti-pastoral standpoint.In addition,the poet endows the natural beings with life and vitality in his poem,uses natural objects to advance the narration in the first-person point of view,making observation and expression through the perspectives of the rural animals or plants;therefore,the poem not only shows the poet's deep regret for the reality,but the upmost acclaim for the pure nature.Cowper's poetry is featured by profound anti-pastoral characteristics in its keen capture of the times and its resistance to the pastoral writing in the first half of the 18th century.Cowper and his poetry exert great impact upon the later British Romanticism,and he is the forerunner of British Romantic poetry.

关 键 词：威廉·库柏 《使命》 田园诗 反田园 

分 类 号：I561.072[文学—其他各国文学]