二战后德国史学家对纳粹大屠杀的反思——以约恩·吕森“三代人”理论为中心  

Reflections of German Historians on the Nazi Holocaust after World War Ⅱ:Focusing on J?rn Rüsen’s Theory of “Three Generations”

作　　者：尉佩云 YU Pei-yun(School of History and Culture,Shanxi University,Taiyuan,Shanxi,030006,China)

机构地区：[1]山西大学历史文化学院,山西太原030006

出　　处：《史学集刊》2023年第2期60-70,共11页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“民族意志视野下德国历史理论的变迁研究”(21CSS011)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：纳粹大屠杀以其历史经历的极端性打破了德国历史的连续性,并作为历史意义的断裂和历史创伤,打破了战后德国人的代际认同、集体认同和民族认同。黑格尔“命运的因果性”、兰克“内在的关联”等德国传统思想资源成为对纳粹大屠杀进行历史反思的思想和意识前提。作为当代德国具有代表性的历史学家,约恩·吕森提出德国人在战后反思纳粹历史的过程以1968年和1989年为界,形成了以参加战争及战后重建的一代、战后一代及战后二代这三代人的历史意识和民族认同取向为主导的嬗变过程。吕森以“命运的因果性”命题为核心来阐述战后德国人为纳粹历史悔罪的理论储备与精神机制,由此形成了第一代人的沉默、第二代人的道德批判和第三代人的历史化处理方式。“三代人”理论对纳粹历史反思的代际处理具有“理想型”和“形而上学罪责”的思维特征,其本身也是关于纳粹反思的学术性成果之一。The Nazi Holocaust broke the historical continuity of Germany with its extreme historical experience.As a rupture of historical meaning and historical trauma,it also broke the intergenerational identity,collective identity and national identity of post-war Germans.German traditional ideological resources such as Hegel’s “causality of destiny” and Ranke’s “internal connection” have become the ideological premise and conscious mechanism for historical reflection on the Nazi Holocaust.As a representative historian of contemporary Germany,Jorn Rüsen proposed that the process of Germans’ reflecting on Nazi history after the war was bounded by 1968 and 1989,which is a process of transmutation dominated by the historical consciousness and national identity orientation of the three generations who participated in the war and post-war reconstruction,the post-war generation and the descendants of the post-war generation.At the same time,with the proposition of “causality of destiny” as the core,Jorn Rüsen expounds the theoretical reserve and spiritual mechanism of post-war Germans’ repentance for Nazi history.As a historian of Germany’s “post-war generation”,Rüsen’s research on Nazi history closely links academic history with his own historical consciousness,value position,and life experience.The theory of “Three Generations” itself has also become an academic achievement of reflection on the Nazi Holocaust.

关 键 词：约恩·吕森 “三代人”理论 纳粹大屠杀 民族认同 历史创伤 

分 类 号：K095.16[历史地理—历史学]