美国最高法院完成全面右转  

The U.S.Supreme Court Has Accomplished a Comprehensive Rightward Turn

作　　者：张毅 Zhang Yi

机构地区：[1]不详

出　　处：《美国研究》2023年第1期35-57,5,6,共25页The Chinese Journal of American Studies

摘　　要：美国最高法院1973年在“罗诉韦德”案中裁定妇女堕胎权受美国宪法保护,2022年在“多布斯”案中又宣布美国宪法根本没有规定妇女享有堕胎权。同一法院在两案中做出截然不同的判决,原因不是美国宪法相关条款被修订,而是最高法院大法官构成发生了变化。20世纪80年代以来,保守派人士逐渐替代了数位自由派大法官,至2020年则完全掌控了最高法院。这一变化直接导致了最高法院对诸多宪法条款做出了与前不同的解释,涉及领域包括竞选开支、公民投票权、宗教信仰和政教分离、枪支管制、政府监管以及堕胎权等,可以说是完成了一场相当全面的反自由主义的司法革命。根据美国宪法,非民选的司法部门应在一个总的民主框架的制衡下行使自己的权力,近些年来这种制衡力度有明显削弱趋势,出现了所谓“少数票法官”。一方面法院权力上升,另一方面对法院的制衡下降,这种情况已经而且将继续挑战美国现行的宪政制度。The U.S.Supreme Court held that a woman’s right to an abortion was protected by the U.S.Constitution inRoe v.Wadein 1973,yet the U.S.Constitution does not guarantee such a right at all according to the 2022Dobbs case.The Court has reached diametrically opposed conclusions not because the U.S.Constitution has been amended,but because the composition of the Court has changed.Since the 1980s,conservatives have replaced several liberal justices and have achieved a complete domination of the Court by 2020.This change has led the Court to issue constitutional interpretations on a variety of issues that differ from the precedents,including campaign finance,voting rights,free exercise of religion and separation of religion and state,gun control,government regulation as well as abortion,resulting in a rather comprehensive anti-liberal judicial revolution.Under the U.S.Constitution,the non-elected judicial branch is supposed to exercise its power within the constraints of a general democratic framework.Such constraints have been significantly weakened in recent years,including the emergence of “minority judges”.The rise of judicial power,coupled with the decline in such constraints,is a challenge to,and will continue to challenge the current constitutional system of the United States.

关 键 词：美国政治法院 联邦最高法院 堕胎权 “罗诉韦德”案 “多布斯”案 全面右转 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] DD916.2