刑事电子证据的审查:学理基础、实践样态与模式选择  

The Review of Criminal Electronic Evidence:Theoretical Basis,Practice and Mode Selection

作　　者：自正法 Zi Zhengfa

机构地区：[1]重庆大学法学院

出　　处：《政法论坛》2023年第2期157-168,共12页Tribune of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“未成年人刑事实体与程序衔接路径研究”(21BFX182);最高人民检察院检察理论研究课题“未成年人‘两法’实施中的检察监督责任研究”(GJ2022C29)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：电子证据作为网络技术与智慧司法深度融合的产物,在司法个案裁判中具有不可或缺性,司法证明也由传统的“物证”时代走向了电子证据时代。通过对域内外电子证据审查的研究文献梳理可知,国内对于电子证据审查仍旧坚持以真实性为主的相互印证模式,域外对其审查则呈现出以可采性为主的正当程序模式。然而,由于电子证据本身的虚拟性、多重性、技术性、可灭失性、可复制性等属性,以真实性为主的相互印证模式在个案审查中障碍重重。那么,电子证据审查将何去何从?从法律规范与问卷调查统计数据分析可见,应采取以相关性兼真实性并重的审查模式,相关性是电子证据可采性的前提,而真实性则揭示电子证据的本质,两者共同描述着电子证据的形式与实质,既相互补充、又相互证成,相关性审查起到“过滤”效应;审查电子证据的真实性,则以原始性、同一性、系统性和完整性为“四性一体”的审查标准,衡平相关性与真实性之间的价值冲突,让更多的正当程序条款在电子证据审查中发挥“安全阀”之功效。As a product of integration of network technology and intelligent judicial,electronic evidence is indispensable in judicial case judgments.Judicial evidence has also moved from the traditional“material evidence”era to the electronic evidence era.Reviewing the literature on electronic evidence both at home and abroad,we can see that the domestic review of electronic evidence still adheres to the authenticity-based mutual veriflcation model,while the review mode abroad presents a model focusing on due process clause and the admissibility of electronic evidence.However,due to the fictitiousness,multiplicity,technicality,extinction,reproducibility and other attributes of electronic evidence itself,the mutual verification mode based on truth has many obstacles in the review mechanism.So,how can the electronic evidence review mechanism in China develop in future?From the analysis of legal norms and questionnaire,it can be seen that the electronic evidence review mode that emphasizes both relevance and authenticity should be adopted,because relevance is the prerequisite for the admissibility of electronic evidence,and authenticity reveals the essence of electronic evidence.The two jointly describe the form and essence of electronic evidence,which are complementary and mutually justifled.The relevance review plays a“flltering”effect;the authenticity of electronic evidence is reviewed based on originality,identity,systemicity and completeness.As the"four natures all considered"review standard,it should balance the value conflict between relevance and authenticity and prescribe more due process clauses to function as a“safety valve”in the review mechanism of electronic evidence.

关 键 词：刑事电子证据 相关性 可采性 真实性 审查模式 

分 类 号：D915.3[政治法律—诉讼法学]