论平等主义的分配正义理论  

On Egalitarian Theories of Distri utiveJustice

作　　者：姚大志[1] Yao Dazhi

机构地区：[1]吉林大学哲学基础理论研究中心暨哲学社会学院

出　　处：《哲学研究》2023年第2期119-127,F0003,共10页Philosophical Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“平等主义之后的哲学研究”(编号20AZX013)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：平等是一种理想,而平等主义则主要是一种关于分配正义的理论。当代平等主义者在分配正义的问题上存在诸多分歧和争论:一些学者坚持平等论,另一些学者主张足够论,还有一些学者则偏爱优先论。平等论以平等为原则,主张平等是好的,不平等是坏的。足够论以足够为原则,要求把人的生活水平从足够之下提高到足够之上,但对足够水平之上的人之间的不平等则不给予关注。优先论主张,人的处境越差,使他们受益就越重要,因此处境更差者的利益具有优先性。虽然当代大多数平等主义者更倾向优先论,但这种观点也存在一些理论上的困难。对这些困难的分析表明,我们应该建构一种更好的平等主义分配正义理论,而这种理论就是消极平等主义。Equality is an ideal,but egalitarianism is mainly a theory of distributive justice.On the problem of distributive justice,there are some divergences and controversies among contemporary egalitarians:some persons advocate the egalitarian view,other persons hold sufficientarianism,and the rest of them prefer prioritarianism.The egalitarian view regards equality as the principle of distibutive justice,and holds that equality is good and inequality is bad.Sufficientarianism regards sufficiency as the prineiple of ditributive justice,which demands to raise the living level of persons from below to above the threshold,but doesn't pay any attention to inequalities of persons above the threshold.Prioritarianism holds that benefiting people matters more the worse off these people are,and so the benefits of the worse off have a priority.Contemporary egalitarians prefer prioritarianism to the egalitarian view and sufficientarianism,but prioritarianism has some problems.The analyses of these problems show that we may construct a better egalitarian theory of distributive justice,which is the negative egaltarianism.

关 键 词：分配正义 平等论 足够论 优先论 消极平等主义 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学]