从“同质性”到“异质性”——重思马克思对思维与存在关系问题的解答  

From “homogeneity” to “heterogeneity”——Rethinking Marx’s answer to the relationship between thinking and existence

作　　者：陈永杰 李雨桐 Chen Yongjie;Li Yutong

机构地区：[1]江南大学马克思主义学院,江苏无锡214122

出　　处：《东岳论丛》2023年第2期76-82,191,192,共9页DongYue Tribune

基　　金：国家社科基金“马克思的本体论革命及其当代意义研究”(项目编号:19FZXB086)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：马克思看待思维与存在关系的态度经历了几次变化,最终在感性活动原则基础上提出了二者关系的异质性判断。其中的关节点是在费尔巴哈的影响下,马克思实现了由同质性向异质性判断的转向。在近代思辨哲学中,当活生生的历史实践被归结为精神实体的自我展开过程时,实体=主体=自我意识的同质性封闭领域便落成了。费尔巴哈试图以感性直观原则突破二者关系的同质性,终因未能正视辩证法的积极意义而滞留在自我意识的牢笼之内,但这一尝试却为马克思最终提出思维与存在关系的异质性判断提供了前提。马克思充分肯定了自然界的先在性,主张存在是“感性的对象”、思维乃感性活动的对象的“感性意识”,由此彻底消解了思维与存在的同质性而提出了异质性论断。Marx’s attitude towards the relationship between thinking and existence has undergone several changes, and finally put forward a heterogeneous judgment of the relationship between the two based on the principle of perceptual activity. The key point is that under the influence of Feuerbach,Marx realized the transition from homogeneity to heterogeneity. In modern speculative philosophy, when the living historical practice is attribu-ted to the self-expansion process of spiritual entity, the homogenous closed field of entity =subject=self-con-sciousness is completed. Feuerbach tried to break through the homogeneity of the relationship between thinking and existence with the principle of perceptual intuition, but he was still trapped in the cage of self-conscious-ness due to the failure to face up to the positive meaning of dialectics. However, this attempt provided Marx a premise to propose the heterogeneity judgment of the relationship between thinking and existence. Marx fully affirmed the preexistence of nature, asserting that existence is the object of perceptual activities, and thinking is the perceptual consciousness about the object of perceptual activities. Therefore,the homogeneity of thinking and existence was completely dispelled, and the thesis of heterogeneity was put forward.

关 键 词：思维与存在 感性直观 感性活动 感性意识 

分 类 号：B15[哲学宗教—世界哲学]