资本主义生产方式与东方道路——晚年马克思的思考  

Capitalist Production Methods and the Oriental Social Development:Marx’s Thoughts in His Later Years

作　　者：张一兵[1,2] ZHANG Yi-bing

机构地区：[1]南京大学 [2]南京大学马克思主义社会理论研究中心,南京210023

出　　处：《吉林大学社会科学学报》2023年第2期120-135,237,共17页Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(21ZDA072)。

摘　　要：马克思深刻说明了商品物的使用价值不过是工人具体劳动塑形和构序活动的对象化结果,但作为“相同的人类劳动力的消耗”,在商品交换中必然客观抽象为离开其“自然形式”的价值关系,这种不可见的价值关系的特殊表现形式则会以另一种特殊商品的自然形式颠倒地表现出来,这就是货币及资本关系的历史生成。并且,开始进行古代社会历史和人类学研究的马克思,已经意识到自己在经济学研究中所面对的狭义历史唯物主义中的经济的社会赋型,并非所有地区或民族必然通过的历史阶段,特别是俄国等存在着的土地公有条件下的公社制度,所以,晚年马克思开始明确西欧资本主义历史发展道路本身的边界。Karl Marx provided an in-depth explanation that the practical value of commodities is the result of labors “work and activities being shaped and constructed”, but as the consumption of common human labor, the commodities in exchange must be objectively alienated from their natural value relations, and such an invisible value relation is revealed specifically as another special commodity in a reverse unnatural way and thus is generated as the relationship between currency and capital. Besides, when Karl Marx studied the history of ancient societies and anthropology, he was aware that his study on economics regarded the economic sociaety in a narrow sense of historical materialism, and the economic society in this phase of history was not necessarily experienced by all the regions nor all nationalities, especially the commune system of public land ownership such as in Russia and other places. In his later years, Karl Marx was certain about the boundaries of historical development of capitalism in Western Europe.

关 键 词：马克思 《评阿·瓦格纳的“政治经济学教科书”》 《致查苏利奇的信》 资本主义生产方式 东方道路 

分 类 号：F014.1[经济管理—政治经济学] F091.91[哲学宗教—哲学理论] B03