儒学为何不可以转化为基督教?--诠释性转化限制考辨  

Can Confucianism be Christianized? A Critical Examination on the Limits of Interpretive Transformation

作　　者：[美]成中英[1] 彭萍(译) Chung-ying Cheng;Peng Ping

机构地区：[1]夏威夷大学哲学系 [2]北京外国语大学英语学院

出　　处：《国际汉学》2023年第1期5-16,155,共13页International Sinology

摘　　要：本文讨论利玛窦运用基督教神学诠释古典儒学的有效性和意义。利玛窦的诠释使得一些中国文人皈依了基督教,但算不上成功,因为其做法最终导致了“礼仪之争”。此前少有学者从哲学角度讨论过利玛窦失败的原因。本文指出,讨论皈依基督教必须要正确理解古典儒学。问题在于,利玛窦未能将古典儒学作为整体进行考虑,也未能从儒学本体论和宇宙论内在演变的角度考虑古典儒学与宋明理学之间的关系。他仅在《尚书》和《诗经》的孤立语境中理解中国的“上帝”和“天”,丝毫没有认识到“上帝”和“天”的概念在《易经》《易传》《论语》中的变化。本文指出,儒家的本体宇宙观和基督教的本体神学存在天壤之别。无论从基督教教义看,还是从儒学义理看,儒学都无法转化为基督教,也不能将基督教儒学化为神学,更谈不上儒家基督徒或基督教儒者。从本体诠释学的角度看,二者不存在“视界融合”,因为二者的本体性是完全对立的:一重永恒,一重变化;一重超越,一重内在。This paper considers the validity and significance of Matteo Ricci’s efforts to interpret classical Confucianism in terms of Christian theology.Even though his doing so contributed to his ability to convert some Chinese scholars into Christian believers,his efforts still cannot be said to be a success as it ended up in“Rites Controversy”.The reason for his failure has not been philosophically explained.This paper shows how a proper understanding of classical Confucianism is necessary for talking about its conversion into Christianity.The crucial issue is that Ricci neither considered classical Confucianism as a whole by itself,nor in relation to Neo-Confucianism in terms of the intrinsic evolution of Confucian ontology and cosmology.In fact,he had his understanding of the Chinese Shangdi(Lord on High上帝)in the isolated contexts of Shangshu尚书and Shijing诗经,without any understanding of the transformation of the concept of Shangdi through Yijing易经(Book of Change),Yizhuan易传and the Analects论语.The fact is that Yijing as an earlier intellectual tradition that has philosophically transformed the tradition of shamanistic-religious belief in Shangdi in the Shangshu and Shijing,primarily because of the dynamic cosmic thinking and teaching of Confucius in the 6th century BCE.The point of the paper is to show that classical Confucianism as a holistic philosophy and Catholic Christianity as a dogmatic religion have different ontologies:Neither the Jewish God of the Torah nor the Christian Trinitarian God can be the same as ultimate reality of Heaven(Tian天)in Confucianism nor the Shangdi from the ancient Chinese people of the Shang商and Zhou周dynasties.The Confucian Tian even though personally addressed by Confucius is more the origin and the way of all things in nature including humanity;it is not a personal entity even though it is addressed emotionally as a person or even as a face-to-face object,whereas Shangdi is considered the ruler of Heaven but not something other than a creative force wh

关 键 词：基督教 儒学 上帝 伦理 本体诠释学 

分 类 号：G04[文化科学]