文本、礼仪与政治秩序:宋代遗诏的政治文化史研究  

Text,Etiquette,and Political Order:A Study of Emperor Testaments of the Song Dynasty in a Political Cultural Perspective

作　　者：聂文华 Nie Wenhua

机构地区：[1]重庆师范大学历史与社会学院,重庆401331

出　　处：《文史哲》2023年第2期95-117,167,共24页Literature,History,and Philosophy

基　　金：重庆市社会科学规划项目“宋代丧葬礼的政治社会史研究”(2019BS015);重庆市教育委员会人文社会科学研究项目“宋代国忌研究”(20JD047)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：宋代遗诏属仪式化文本,有其固定的结构,一般可划分为三部分内容:一是对功业、生死的个性化表述,多由翰林学士起草;二是皇位继承人和太后等身份的安排,往往是争议的焦点,太后、嗣皇帝和宰执各有其立场,一般是妥协的结果;三是办理皇帝丧葬礼的指导性原则,虽多因袭以前文字,但并非可有可无。大行皇帝遗诏是嗣皇帝即位礼和先皇丧葬礼中必不可少的文本,从寝殿小范围即位,经过朝堂宣读,并通过驿递和登极赦几乎同时传送至地方,先皇去世和今上即位的信息通过它呈波纹状传播,而臣僚通过上慰表、贺表,完成政治秩序上的再确认;朝廷同时派遣使臣分路告谕抚慰,并告哀辽金,从而实现政治秩序上的平稳过渡。遗诏作为一种政治文化,是皇位继承合法性的必要条件,但不限于此,只有将其放在特定的礼仪场景下考察,才更易把握它的意义,而从遗诏阙失角度更能凸显它在帝后丧葬礼中的关键性作用。The emperor testaments of Song dynasty were a kind of ritual text composed of three parts.The first part was mostly written by Hanlin Academicians,which included personalized statements on the emperor􀆳s life and achievements;the second part was about the arrangements on heir and the empress dowager indicating the legitimacy of enthronement,which was usually the bone of contention,and compromise among the empress dowager,the new emperor,and grand councilors;and the third indispensable part was about the emperor􀆳s funeral instructions following the old expressions.The emperor testament was the essential text of the ceremony for the heir emperor􀆳s acceding to the throne and the funeral of the late emperor.It was read at bedchamber to a small scale of people,at the court and almost at the same time arrived at the local level through post-delivery with the edict announcing amnesty in celebration of the coronation.Therefore,the messages of the late emperor􀆳s death and the new emperor succession were spread in a corrugated form.And the ministers completed the reconfirmation of the political order by submitting consolation instruments and congratulations.Meanwhile,the government sent diplomatic envoys to inform and comfort people,which made Liao and Jin know the sad news so that the court could have a smooth transition in political order.As a kind of political culture,the emperor testament was indispensable for the throne inheriting the legitimacy.It is easier to grasp the meaning of emperor testament in a specific ritual field,and its key role in funerals of the emperor and empress dowager could be highlighted in case of the absence of such text.

关 键 词：遗诏 仪式文本 礼仪场景 政治秩序 政治文化 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学] K244[政治法律—中外政治制度]