清乾隆朝科举改革:动因、举措及影响  

Imperial Examination Reforms in the Qianlong Era of the Qing Dynasty:Motivation,Measures and Impact

作　　者：刘海峰 毛鹏程 LIU Hai-feng;MAO Peng-cheng(Research Center for Examinations,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361005,Fujian)

机构地区：[1]厦门大学考试研究中心,福建厦门361005

出　　处：《厦门大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第2期161-172,共12页Journal of Xiamen University(A Bimonthly for Studies in Arts & Social Sciences)

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“高校招生考试改革引导学生德智体美劳全面发展研究”(20JZD050)。

摘　　要：乾隆朝是清代进行最多科举改革的时期。为了扭转士子功利的求学考试心态与应对科场日益严峻的舞弊积习,在国力强盛与社会安定、王朝存续时段长、执政者强烈的革新意志与果敢坚毅的个性品质等综合因素的作用下,以皇帝为代表的决策者对乡试中额、会试时间、乡会试题型、考试内容等进行规模不一、程度不同、较成体系的改革,使乡会试三场考试之制最终定型,一直沿用至清末,产生了深远影响。总体来看,乾隆朝多数改革举措成效显著,减轻了士子考试压力,增加了考试的客观性、可比性与公平性,促进了清诗的繁荣发展;但改制亦产生了一些消极影响,增加了士子学习与备考的负担,减少了考试的特色性、专业性与实用性。The Qianlong era was the period of the Qing Dynasty when the most imperial examination reforms were car⁃ried out.In order to change the utilitarian attitude of scholars and reverse the increasingly serious fraud in the imperial ex⁃aminations,policymakers,represented by the emperor,systematically reformed the number of scholars passing provincial examinations,timing of metropolitan examinations,and types of questions and contents of provincial and metropolitan exam⁃inations,on different scales and to various degrees.These reforms took place under the influence of a combination of fac⁃tors,such as high national strength and social stability,the sustained existence of the dynasty,the emperor’s strong will for reforms and his resoluteness.Subsequently,the system of the three types of examinations was finalized and remained in place until the end of the Qing Dynasty,exerting a far-reaching impact.Generally speaking,most of the reforms in the Qianlong era produced remarkable results,such as alleviating the pressure on examination candidates,raising the objectivi⁃ty,comparability and fairness of the examinations and facilitating the prosperity and development of the poetry of the Qing Dynasty.However,the reforms also had many shortcomings,producing some negative effects,such as increasing the burden of studying and reducing the distinctiveness,professionalism and practicality of the examinations.

关 键 词：清代 乾隆朝 科举改革 乡试 会试 

分 类 号：K249.3[历史地理—历史学]