童子军与童天王:清代科举中的童生及其劣化  

Tong Zi Jun and Tong Tian Wang:Tong Sheng and Their Bad Tendency in Qing Dynasty Imperial Examination

作　　者：王静 WANG Jing(Institute of Modern History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100101,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院近代史研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《安徽史学》2023年第2期62-70,共9页Historical Research In Anhui

摘　　要：童子军在清代多指童生群体,意涵中性。童子军应试时规模庞大,从县试数百数千人,到府试、院试可达成千上万人。难青一衿的童生已具备士之属性,凭借其掌握的知识或技勇,在当地社会事实性享受一些优待和尊重。童天王多以形容考试期间滋闹之大胆童生,如闹考、哄闹衙署、滋闹街市、聚赌造乱、冲击教堂等。该称号多出现于晚清文献中,说明晚清童生气焰嚣张,既令人恐惧,又受人鄙夷。原因在于官方监管和约束童生艰难,咸同兵燹后宽额滥送和待士宽纵更加剧了士习嚣陵,且童生治生多重于应试,科举、功名的吸引力不断下降。童生为利而试,亦由利之纷争而滋闹。兼具士、民双重特征的童生成为似士非士的游民,反映出科举制在基层社会从“读书种子”内部瓦解,以及官方养士储才理想期愿的落空。Tong Zi Jun mostly referred to the group of Tong Sheng in Qing Dynasty,with neutral meaning.When they took imperial examination,there were hundreds or thousands of people in the county examination,and tens of thousands of people in prefecture examination and examination hosted by educational administrator.Tong Sheng already had some characteristics of scholar,and enjoyed some preferential treatment and respect in local society due to their knowledge and skills.Tong Tian Wang referred to Tong Sheng with bad behaviors.They boycotted or hindered the normal conduct of examination,made trouble in local government or business,gambled together,attacked churches and so on.This title mostly appeared in materials of late Qing Dynasty,which indicated that Tong Sheng with bad behaviors made people afraid and despised.Because it was difficult for officials to supervise them.And after Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns,the admission in preliminary imperial examination was easier,and officials were more tolerant of Tong Sheng,which made the moral of scholars became worse.What’s more,making a living was more important than examination for Tong Sheng.The attraction of fame and honor by imperial examination had been declining.They took examination for profit,also protested for conflicts of profit.Tong Sheng who had characteristics of scholar and common people became vagrant.It reflected that imperial examination collapsed from“seed of reading”in local society,and failed to select talents and govern people for Qing court.

关 键 词：科举 童试 童生 童子军 童天王 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]