地理分析中的空间效应  

On spatial effects in geographical analysis

作　　者：刘瑜[1] 汪珂丽 邢潇月 郭浩 张维昱 罗琴瑶 高松 黄舟[1] 李海峰[2] 李新 王姣娥[5] 王劲峰[5] 朱递 LIU Yu;WANG Keli;XING Xiaoyue;GUO Hao;ZHANG Weiyu;LUO Qinyao;GAO Song;HUANG Zhou;LI Haifeng;LI Xin;WANG Jiaoe;WANG Jinfeng;ZHU Di(Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems,School of Earth and Space Sciences,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China;School of Geosciences and Info-Physics,Central South University,Changsha 410083,China;Department of Geography,University of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison,WI 53703,United States;State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System,Environment and Resources,Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China;Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;Department of Geography,Environment and Society,University of Minnesota,Minneapolis,MN 55455,United States)

机构地区：[1]北京大学地球与空间科学学院遥感与地理信息系统研究所,北京100871 [2]中南大学地球科学与信息物理学院,长沙410083 [3]威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校地理系,美国WI 537034 [4]中国科学院青藏高原研究所,北京100101 [5]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京100101 [6]明尼苏达大学双城分校地理系,美国MN 55455

出　　处：《地理学报》2023年第3期517-531,共15页Acta Geographica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41830645,41625003)。

摘　　要：地理信息科学传承了地理学的空间分析传统。在地理空间分析中,由于地理空间的特殊性,地理信息科学在构造分析方法时,需要考虑空间效应。然而,空间效应具体的内涵和外延,到目前尚未有系统探讨。本文定义了地理空间效应,进而在形式化定义空间、位置、场、距离、区域等概念的基础上,归纳了4类空间效应:即空间异质性效应、空间依赖的近邻效应、空间交互的距离衰减效应、和空间分区的尺度效应,探讨了4类效应的内在逻辑关系,建立了统一的表达框架。其中,空间异质性效应是最为基础的效应,近邻效应和距离衰减效应反映了地理空间中两个位置之间的二阶关系,尺度效应则由于区域单元的汇总带来,因此这4类效应形成了递进关系。最后本文梳理了目前地理分析中对空间效应的体现,指出了地理空间人工智能技术对于空间效应的揭示和量化能力。GIScience inherits the spatial analysis tradition of geography. Given that "spatial is special", GIScience needs to highlight spatial effects when constructing methods for geographical analysis. The research presents an explicit definition of spatial effect. By formalizing core GIScience concepts including space, location, field, distance, and region, we identify four types of spatial effects, namely spatial heterogeneity effect, neighbor effect in spatial dependence, distance decay effect in spatial interactions, and scale effect in spatial zoning. A unified framework is constructed to cover the four spatial effects based on the inherent linkages among them. We argue that spatial heterogeneity effect is the most fundamental one. While spatial dependence and spatial interaction are two basic geographical processes that represent the second-order relationships between two locations, neighbor effect and distance decay effect reflect the impacts of space. Scale effect is raised when aggregating attributes using regional units. Hence, the four types of effects form a hierarchical system.From a methodological perspective, this paper summaries related GIScience tools that implement different effects, and emphasizes the value of geospatial artificial intelligence for revealing and quantifying spatial effects.

关 键 词：地理分析 空间效应 空间异质性效应 近邻效应 距离衰减效应 尺度效应 地理空间人工智能 

分 类 号：P208[天文地球—地图制图学与地理信息工程]