清代政务运转中被妖魔化的师爷群体评述  

Commentary on the Demonized ShiYe Group in Political Affairs of Qing Dynasty

作　　者：张广杰 ZHANG Guang-jie(School of Marxism,Qingdao Agricultural University,Qingdao 266109,China)

机构地区：[1]青岛农业大学马克思主义学院,山东青岛266109

出　　处：《青岛农业大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第1期86-92,共7页Journal of Qingdao Agricultural University(Social Science)

基　　金：2019年山东省高等学校“青创科技计划”(人文社科)社会变迁与农民问题创新团队(2019RWD004)。

摘　　要：在历史典籍的叙述中,师爷常被定义为擅权的蠹吏,这与其在实际政务运转中的作用有极大反差。清王朝统一中原后,继承以往朝代“防吏”的制度设置,在落实维护皇权至上的核心问题上,清王朝选任师爷对书吏予以限制。然而,师爷常常偏离决策者的主观意志,甚至与其长期抵触。清政府无力铲除制造社会弊端的专制独裁及腐败官员,只有打击制度弊病的使用者,这种做法既放任基层官员借制度弊端违法渔利的犯罪行为,又削弱中央政府的统治权威,不利于社会稳定。在近代化的转型中,各种社会弊病尽显,专制政府需要一个执政无力的牺牲品。师爷承担了清代政治体制运转不良的罪责。In the historical narrative,ShiYes(private male secretaries)are often defined as corrupt officials who arrogate all authority to themselves,which makes a striking contrast with their role in the actual operation of political affairs.The evaluation for ShiYe from the central government was mainly dependent on political standards.After unifying China,the Qing Dynasty held the traditional value of despising the public servants and it was the top priority for the regime to employ ShiYes to restrict public servants in order to maintain political stability.However,ShiYe frequently departed from and even went against the emperor′s will.The Qing Dynasty was unable to handle the corruption of the clique as well as the outrageous social system,and instead of choosing an effective way to crack down on those who exploited for their own benefits,it chose to victimize their private male secretaries.After that,this measure encouraged the officials’fraud which slacked down the power of the central government.When the national crisis deepened,all kinds of social abuse were obvious.Serving as victims of the ineffective government,the ShiYe group took the blame for the bad structure of political and social systems.

关 键 词：师爷 道德批判 选任机制 擅权循例 

分 类 号：K251[历史地理—历史学]