含义、显义、隐义与潜义之辨  

On Differentiation Between Implicature,Explicature,Impliciture and Implicitness

作　　者：左思民[1,2] Zuo Simin

机构地区：[1]高丽大学中语中文系,首尔02841 [2]华东师范大学中文系,上海200241

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（语言文字学）》2022年第4期16-25,共10页LINGUISTICS AND PHILOLOGY

摘　　要：“含义”(implicature)是语用学的常用术语,格莱斯把它界定为“言所述”(what is said)的对立面。关联理论提出后情况发生了变化,斯珀波和威尔逊另立一类“显义”(explicature),主张它不是含义,而是直显交际的产物,其作用是给言者说出的意义尚不完备的逻辑式予以“丰义”(enrichment),使逻辑式成为真正的命题。巴赫主张在显义之外另立一类“隐义”(impliciture),它介于显义和含义之间,隐寓在言所述之中,又超出了言所述。然而,显义或隐义毕竞不是言者直说的意义,因此它们和含义都应该像芭比做的那样归为欧斯曼所界定的“潜义”(implicitness)范畴。总之,潜义就是“言所含”(what is implicated),它是意义推导的结果,或可在一定条件下取消。相比之下,言所述只应包括言者直说的话。如果非要让步,至多再勉强包括那些有限的、得到句法规则支持或者句法和话语规则共同支持的、不会造成歧解的零形式句法成分或句法成分省略的现象。"Implicature"is a term commonly used in pragmatics,H.P.Grice defined it as the opposite of"what is said".After the relevance theory was put forward,the situation changed.D.Sperber and D.Wilson came up with another concept of"explicature",and argued that it is not implicature,but a product of explicit communication.They thought the function of explicature is to give the enrichment(in meaning)to the logical form which is incomplete in meaning spoken by the speaker,and to make the logical form become a real proposition.K.Bach suggested to add a different concept of"impliciture",which is between explicature and implicature,implicit in what is said,and goes beyond what is said.However,explicature or impliciture is not the meaning spoken directly by the speaker after all,so explicature,impliciture and implicature should all be classified as the category of implicitness defined by J-O Ostman as M.B.Papi did.To sum up,implicitness is actually"what is implicated",it is the result of the inference of meaning,or can be cancelled under certain conditions.By contrast,what is said should only include what the speaker really says directly.Even if the scope of what is said has to be expanded,it at most includes the limited phenomena of zero form or ellipsis of syntactic element that are supported by syntactic rules or both of syntactic and discourse rules,and will not lead to ambiguity caused by the zero form or ellipsis.

关 键 词：言所述 言所含 含义 显义 隐义 潜义 

分 类 号：H030[语言文字—语言学]