谁因善恶得奖惩——康德道德哲学中的归责主体辨析  

Who is Responsible for Good and Evil--An Analysis on the Subject of Imputation in Kantian Moral Philosophy

作　　者：居俊 JU Jun(College of Public Administration,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210023,China)

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学公共管理学院,南京210023

出　　处：《甘肃理论学刊》2023年第2期61-69,共9页Gansu Theory Research

基　　金：江苏省社会科学基金项目“自由意志与道德律之交互关系在德国古典哲学中的逻辑演进研究”(21ZXD002)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：归责主体是康德道德哲学的重要概念。批判哲学中的感性经验品格与理性本体品格由于缺乏在善恶之间进行选择的自由而无法成为归责主体。随后,作为两者统一体的人(Mensch)被赋予可在善恶之间抉择的任意自由,晋升为归责主体的有力人选。最终,康德用人格(Person)指称归责主体。但人格的任意自由没有选择善恶的能力,这让人格无力承担善恶的归责。所以,品格与人格难以担当归责主体,反倒是作为感性与理性之统一体的人占得先机。鉴于人格同一性对道德归责的重要性,批判哲学有必要将“统一之人”的两种特征(感性与理性之结合体、对选择善恶的自由的保有)移植到人格之下,由此人格才成为最合适的归责主体。The subject of imputation was an important concept of Kantian moral philosophy. In lack of the freedom of choice between good and evil,the sensible experiential character and the rational noumenal character couldn’t be the subject of imputation. Then,the human-being as the unity of both characters was endowed with the freedom of choice between good and evil and became a suitable subject of imputation. At last,Kant regarded the person as the subject of imputation. However,the choosing freedom of the person is non-neutral,so the person couldn’t be responsible for the occurrence of good and evil. Therefore,the character and the person couldn’t be taken as the subject of imputation,and only the human-being as the unity of sense and reason could be it. Due to the importance of personal identity to moral imputation,we thought the critical philosophy must integrate the two elements of the unified human-being (i.e.,the unity of sense and reason,the possession of the freedom of choice between good and evil) into the person. Only by doing this could the person be the proper subject of imputation.

关 键 词：归责主体 品格 人 人格 自由 

分 类 号：B82-0[哲学宗教—伦理学]