王审琦铁券与“杯酒释兵权”“太祖誓碑”新解  

New Interpretations on“Relinquishing the Military Command over Cups of Wine”and the“Oath Tablet of Taizu of Song”Based on Wang Shenqi’s Iron Coupon

作　　者：廖寅[1] Liao Yin

机构地区：[1]河北大学宋史研究中心,河北保定071002

出　　处：《史学月刊》2023年第3期27-36,共10页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“地域视野下宋代社会权威生成机制与社会治理研究”(21BZS052)。

摘　　要：王审琦铁券与“杯酒释兵权”“太祖誓碑”等宋初重大政治疑案有着内在的关联。表面上看,太祖三言两语就让开国武将元勋们放弃了禁军统领权。实际上,太祖是以法外政治特权及其象征——铁券赎买了他们的军权。作为连锁反应,太祖又以“誓碑”的方式安抚了其他开国功臣。三件事情不仅在时间上非常接近,而且在逻辑上构成了太祖解决开国功勋震主问题层层递进的序列。“誓碑”原本内容只有“誓不诛大臣”,其中“大臣”仅指二品以上高级官员。宦官或言官被纳入“誓碑”,纯粹是曹勋误传和妄改的结果。士大夫站在自身立场不约而同地选择相信“誓不诛大臣、言官”,并对其不断地演义、改造,最终形成了符合士大夫群体利益的“誓碑”。Wang Shenqi’s Iron Coupon was intrinsically linked with major political mysteries in the early Song dynasty,such as“Relinquishing the Military Command over Cups of Wine” and the“Oath Tablet of Taizu of Song”.On the surface,it seemed that Taizu of Song convinced the founding generals to relinquish the command of the Imperial Guards with just a few words.As a matter of fact,Emperor Taizu redeemed their military power with extrajudicial political privilege and its symbol,the Iron Coupon.As a chain reaction,Taizu also appeased other founding heroes through his“Oath Tablet”.These three events were not only close in time,but also logically constituted the step-by-step means by which Taizu solved the problem of the founding heroes threatening the sovereign power.The original content of the“Oath Tablet”only contained the“oath of not killing the ministers”,in which“the ministers”only referred to senior officials above the second grade.The inclusion of eunuchs or imperial censors in the“Oath Tablet”was purely the result of Cao Xun’s misrepresentation and deliberate change.Departing from their own standpoint,the scholar-officials unanimously chose to believe in the“oath of not killing the ministers and the imperial censors”,and to continue to make changes,eventually forming an“Oath Tablet”that conformed to the interests of the scholar-official group.

关 键 词：宋太祖 铁券 “杯酒释兵权” “太祖誓碑” 

分 类 号：K244[历史地理—历史学]