将无同?岂无异?——先儒论人性的共同性与差别性  

Will There Be No Same? Isn't It Different?——Confucianism on the Commonality and Difference of Human Beings

作　　者：何怀宏 赵占居[2] He Huaihong;Zhao Zhanju

机构地区：[1]郑州大学哲学学院,郑州450000 [2]北京大学哲学系,北京100871

出　　处：《孔子研究》2023年第2期36-44,157,共10页Confucius Studies

摘　　要：人性显示出各种共性,也包含着各种差别性,且往往难分难解,值得仔细分析和梳理。先儒在春秋战国时代,对人性就有丰富深入的探讨,但以论人的共同性为主。孔子“性近习远”之说,预示了人性论探讨的基本方向和广阔空间。孟子所持的性善论,相当充分地发掘了人心向善的资源。荀子所持的性恶论,从社会制度着眼,也是积极主张人努力向善,化性起伪。汉至唐的儒家则更重视人的差别性,认为性有品级和等差。而纵览这些论述,可以发现先儒所论人的同异中,一个很重要的差别性分类是少数圣贤(包括“希圣希贤者”)和多数民众的差异。这也构成了传统道德两分的一种人性论基础。Human nature shows various commonalities,but also contains various differences,and is often difficult to distinguish,worthy of careful analysis and combing.In the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods,the Confucians had a rich and in-depth discussion of human nature,but they mainly focused on the commonality of human beings.Confucius' s saying foreshadows the basic direction and broad space for the discussion of human nature.Mencius' s theory of original goodness of human nature quite fully explored the resources of the human heart for goodness.Xunzi's theory of evil of human nature is based on the social system,and he still actively advocates that people strive for goodness and transform their nature.Confucianism from the Han to the Tang Dynasty paid more attention to the difference between people,believing that people's natures had grades and equal differences.Looking at these discussions,we can find that among the similarities and differences discussed by the Confucianists,an important difference is the difference between a few sages and the majority of the people.This also forms a kind of humanistic basis for the traditional moral dichotomy.

关 键 词：人性 共性 殊性 

分 类 号：B222[哲学宗教—中国哲学]