从资本雇佣劳动到劳动雇佣资本--农民专业合作社的剩余权分配  

From"Capital Employing Labor"to"Labor Employing Capital":The Distribution of Residual Rights in Farmers'Specialized Cooperatives

作　　者：马太超 邓宏图 Ma Taichao;Deng Hongtu

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所 [2]广州大学新结构经济学研究中心 [3]广州大学经济与统计学院

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（农业经济研究）》2022年第10期102-114,共13页AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“全面建成小康社会背景下新型城乡关系研究”(编号:17ZDA067);亚洲开发银行与农业农村部项目“Yangtze River Green Ecological Corridor Comprehensive Agriculture Development Project”(编号:L3740-PRC,CS-TA-NPM0-2019-2)。

摘　　要：由于资本雇佣劳动的特点,“异化”的合作社受到学界、政界的诸多质疑。本文研究表明,在城乡二元结构的约束下,物质资本和人力资本的双重缺乏是合作社表现出资本雇佣劳动特征的经济诱因,其根源在于交易成本。只有改变相关约束条件,才能使合作社由资本雇佣劳动的异化形态向劳动雇佣资本的本质规定性回归。一方面,土地经营权抵押贷款有助于缓解合作社面临的资金约束;另一方面,本地企业家返乡创业能够缓解人力资本(企业家才能)对合作社发展的制约。当前条件下,由农户和企业家共享合作社的剩余权能够在一定程度上提高合作社劳动雇佣资本的程度。随着二元体制的逐步破除以及人力资本市场的不断完善,合作社终将转变为劳动雇佣资本的、真正由农户所有为农户服务的经济社会组织,进而成为推动乡村全面振兴和共同富裕的重要力量。Due to the characteristics of"capital employing labor",the"alienated"cooperatives have been ques-tioned by academia and policy circles.This article shows that because of the dual structure of urban and rural areas,the dual lack of material capital and human capital is the economic reason for cooperatives to show the characteristics of"capital employing labor".In a word,the root cause lies in transaction costs.Only by changing the constraints can cooperatives return to their nature.On the one hand,land mortgage can help alleviate the capital constraints faced by cooperatives.On the other hand,the return of local entrepreneurs to start a business can alleviate the constraints of human capital(entrepreneurship)on the development of cooperatives.Under the current conditions,sharing the residual rights by farmers and entrepreneurs can increase the degree of"labor employing capital".With the gradual abolition of the dual system and the continuous improvement of the human capital market,cooperatives can eventually trans-form into economic and social organizations that are truly owned by farmers and serve for their interests,and become an important force to promote the overall revitalization and common prosperity of rural areas.

关 键 词：资本雇佣劳动 劳动雇佣资本 剩余权分配 农民专业合作社 交易成本 

分 类 号：F321.42[经济管理—产业经济]