大脑的多任务:对病毒感染的神经胶质反应和相应的感染后神经后遗症  

The multitaskers of the brain:Glial responses to viral infections and associated post-infectious neurologic sequelae

作　　者：Veronica A Davé Robyn S Klein 杜一星(编译) 

机构地区：[1]Center for Neuroimmunology&Neuroinfectious Diseases,Departments of Medicine,Pathology&Immunology,Neurosciences,Washington University School of Medicine,St.Louis,Missouri,USA [2]不详

出　　处：《神经损伤与功能重建》2023年第4期F0003-F0003,共1页Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction

摘　　要：许多病毒感染会导致急性和慢性神经系统疾病,从而导致大脑皮质功能退化。虽然进入中枢神经系统(CNS)的嗜神经病毒可能通过感染神经元或其支持细胞直接诱导脑损伤,但它们也会通过间接神经免疫机制改变大脑功能,这种机制可能会破坏血脑屏障(BBB)、损伤突触,并产生神经毒性星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞,阻止神经环路的恢复。非神经侵袭性、神经毒性病毒也可能在神经胶质细胞中引发异常反应,包括那些干扰运动和感觉行为、记忆编码、执行功能的反应。来自人类和动物研究的越来越多的证据表明,即使在没有神经侵袭的情况下,提高先天免疫分子水平的神经保护性抗病毒反应也会导致正常的神经免疫过程失调,这种情况可能在病毒清除后持续存在。在本综述中,我们讨论了选择性新出现和再次出现的RNA病毒如何诱导神经免疫反应,从而导致包括视觉空间识别、学习和记忆以及运动控制在内的高级过程功能障碍。识别使神经免疫系统恢复稳态的治疗靶点对于预防病毒诱导的神经退行性疾病至关重要。Many viral infections cause acute and chronic neurologic diseases which can lead to degeneration of cortical functions.While neurotropic viruses that gain access to the central nervous system(CNS)may induce brain injury directly via infection of neurons or their supporting cells,they also alter brain function via indirect neuroimmune mechanisms that may disrupt the blood-brain barrier(BBB),eliminate synapses,and generate neu-rotoxic astrocytes and microglia that prevent recovery of neuronal circuits.Non-neuroinvasive,neurovirulent viruses may also trigger aberrant responses in glial cells,including those that interfere with motor and sensory behaviors,encoding of memories and executive function.Increasing evidence from human and animal studies indi-cate that neuroprotective antiviral responses that amplify levels of innate immune molecules dysregulate normal neuroimmune processes,even in the absence of neuroinvasion,which may persist after virus is cleared.In this review,we discuss how select emerging and reemerging RNA viruses induce neuroimmunologic responses that lead to dysfunction of higher order processes including visuospatial recognition,learning and memory,and motor control.Identifying therapeutic targets that return the neuroimmune system to homeostasis is critical for preventing virus-induced neurodegenerative disorders.

关 键 词：星形胶质细胞 宿主-病原体相互作用 小胶质细胞 神经免疫学 神经病毒学 

分 类 号：R741[医药卫生—神经病学与精神病学] R741.02[医药卫生—临床医学]