“断裂”还是“升华”——从《1844年经济学哲学手稿》到《资本论》中劳动概念探碛  

Rupture or Sublimation:An Analysis of the Concept of Labor From Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 to Das Kapital

作　　者：高佩璐 GAO Peilu(College of Marxism,Yunnan University,Kunming 650504,China)

机构地区：[1]云南大学马克思主义学院,云南昆明650504

出　　处：《河海大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第2期50-59,共10页Journal of Hohai University：Philosophy and Social Sciences

基　　金：云南大学研究生科研创新基金(KC-22221058);云南大学马克思主义学院研究生科研创新项目(2022-YNUMYZD-05)。

摘　　要：“劳动”概念是马克思主义理论体系中的基础性概念。在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中,马克思通过对英国古典政治经济学、黑格尔以及费尔巴哈的劳动概念进行历史改造,对劳动问题作了哲学和经济学意义上的初次探索,使人的本质在劳动中得以澄明,探寻到正确解答“历史之谜”的锁钥。在后来的《资本论》及其手稿中,马克思在科学把握社会历史发展客观规律的基础上,将劳动置于资本主义生产中,对劳动概念赋予了政治经济学批判的新内涵,以劳动二重性揭示了资本逻辑宰制下的劳动表现为雇佣劳动,从而发现了剩余价值产生的根源。对比两本著作来看,一些西方马克思主义者认为马克思对劳动概念的研究在认识层面上出现了“断裂”,将马克思早期人本主义的异化逻辑与成熟时期以现实的资本主义批判为出发点的科学思路相对立。但究其根本,从《1844年经济学哲学手稿》到《资本论》,马克思的根本目的一直是基于劳动解放进而扬弃劳动对人的异化状态,实现人的自由全面发展。从存在论的视域看,马克思正是理解到“解决人的存在问题”的基础在于经济现实,因而马克思对劳动概念的研究实现了从思辨哲学向科学论证的“升华”,体现了马克思思想发展的连续性,对唯物史观的创立以及人的解放的实现具有决定性作用。The concept of“labor”is a basic concept in the theoretical system of Marxism.In Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844,Marx made the first exploration of labor issues in the sense of philosophy and economics by historically transforming the concepts of British classical political economy,Hegel and Feuerbach,clarifying the essence of human beings in labor,and exploring the key to correctly answering the“mystery of history”.In the later Das Kapital and its manuscripts,on the basis of scientifically grasping the objective laws of social and historical development,Marx placed labor in capitalist production,and endowed the concept of labor with a new connotation of political economics criticism.The duality oflabor reveals that labor under the logic of capital is wage labor,thus discovering the source of surplus value.When comparing two works,some western Marxists think that Marx’s research on the concept of labor has a“rupture”at the cognitive level,contrasting the alienation logic of Marx’s early humanism with the scientific thinking starting from the realistic capitalist criticism in the mature period.But at its root,from the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 to Das Kapital,the fundamental goal of Marx has always been to sublate the alienated state of labor to human beings based on labor liberation and realize the free and comprehensive development of human beings.From the perspective of ontology,Marx understood that the basis of“solving the problem of human existence”lies in economic reality.Therefore,Marx’s research on the concept of labor realized the“sublimation”from speculative philosophy to scientific demonstration,reflecting the continuity of the development of Marx’s thought and plays a decisive role in the establishment of historical materialism and the realization of human liberation.

关 键 词：马克思 劳动 《1844年经济学哲学手稿》 《资本论》 劳动二重性 

分 类 号：B0-0[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]