1770年的“人造智能”——从仿人智能事件到霍夫曼、比尔斯的早期机器人叙事  

“Made Intelligence” of 1770:From Human-simulating Intelligence to Early Robot Narratives of Hoffmann and Bierce

作　　者：程林 CHENG Lin(Faculty for Foreign Literature and Culture,Guangdong University of Foreign Studies,Guangzhou,Guangdong,510420)

机构地区：[1]广东外语外贸大学外国文学文化研究院,广东广州510420

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2023年第5期8-17,共10页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：国家社科青年项目“德国文学‘早期机器人’书写研究”(项目编号:20CWW018)。

摘　　要：如果能下象棋的智能机器在1770年就已面世,会在当时引发怎样的冲击?在18世纪“人机类同论”和技术乐观思维影响下,仿人自动机乃至“人造智能”从精密机械技术中演变出来。1770年的“象棋土耳其人”被誉为“世纪发明”,作为人的机械拟态和镜像它者在社会上引发了惊喜奇观与恐惑不安的撕裂效应。这种“人造智能”虽是骗局,但它是仿人智能的典型代表,直接催生了霍夫曼和比尔斯等作家早期机器人叙事中对人性的实验、解构与重新认识,通过叙事再现了现当代人在面对自我异化仿制时的危机体验和不安情绪。How would people respond if intelligent machines capable of playing chess were introduced already in 1770? Under the influence of the analogy between man and machine as well as technological optimism in the 18th century,human-like automata and even “Made Intelligence” evolved out of precision machinery.Though it was hailed as the “invention of the century”,the “Schachtürke” of 1770 met with a mixed reception.This “intelligent machine”,a robotic simulacrum,a “mirror” and other of man,filled people with both wonder and confusion due to its uncanny resemblance to mankind.Even though such “Made Intelligence” turned out to be a hoax,it was representative of human-simulating intelligence,stimulating the experiments,deconstruction,and reconceptualization of human nature in early robot narratives of writers like E.T.A.Hoffmann and Ambrose Bierce.By means of narration,it has also re-presented crisis experiences and uncanny feelings in modern and contemporary world when people face self-alienating imitations.

关 键 词：人工智能 人造智能 象棋土耳其人 仿人智能 E.T.A.霍夫曼 

分 类 号：TP242[自动化与计算机技术—检测技术与自动化装置]