野生大熊猫与放牧家畜利用生境的特征比较  

Comparison of Habitat Use Patterns between Wild Giant Pandas and Grazing Livestock

作　　者：周世强 Vanessa HULL 张晋东[3] 刘巅 谢浩 黄金燕 张和民 ZHOU Shiqiang;Vanessa HULL;ZHANG Jindong;LIU Dian;XIE Hao;HUANG Jinyan;ZHANG Hemin(Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park,China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda,Dujiangyan 611830,P.R.China;Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation,University of Florida,Gainesville,FL 32611,USA;Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation,Ministry of Education,China West Normal University,Nanchong 637002,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]中国大熊猫保护研究中心/大熊猫国家公园珍稀动物保护生物学国家林业和草原局重点实验室,四川都江堰611830 [2]Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation,University of Florida,Gainesville,FL 32611,USA [3]西华师范大学/西南野生动植物资源保护教育部重点实验室,四川南充637002

出　　处：《生态环境学报》2023年第2期309-319,共11页Ecology and Environmental Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(42071279);国家林业和草原局大熊猫国际合作基金项目(SD0631,林护发[2017]115号);香港海洋公园保育基金项目(GP09_12/13);中国大熊猫保护研究中心2018“科研年”项目(CCRCG181928)。

摘　　要：为了探讨放牧家畜影响野生大熊猫及其栖息地、主食竹资源的内在驱动因素,以便为大熊猫国家公园建设和管理提供依据。根据大熊猫国家公园卧龙片区野生大熊猫与放牧家畜的随机样地调查资料,从植物群落结构和物种组成方面,分析了它们利用生境的异同。结果表明:从植物群落特征来看,乔木层物种丰度、灌木层盖度、主食竹的种群特征(盖度、密度、地径和株高)等指标,野生大熊猫与放牧家畜之间具有显著性或极显著性差异,野生大熊猫利用生境的乔木层物种丰度17.38株,灌木层盖度75.31%,主食竹的盖度为56.32%、种群密度48.87 culms·m^(−2)、地径6.03 mm和株高143.48 cm,放牧家畜利用生境的乔木层物种丰度29株,灌木层盖度93.20%,主食竹的盖度为89.20%、种群密度66.54 culms·m^(−2)、地径3.82 mm和株高59.68 cm,而其余指标没有明显的统计学意义。就木本植物的物种组成特征而言,大熊猫利用生境的乔木层和灌木层的科属种数量都多于放牧家畜生境,前者为乔木层17科25属41种、灌木层29科49属91种,后者乔木层9科10属14种、灌木层17科26属38种;两者利用生境的植物群落相似性系数较低,乔木层仅为0.196、灌木层为0.245;但比较两者植物群落共有种的重要值指数,仅灌木层的3种树种两者之间的差异较为显著,其他木本植物都无明显的差异。从而说明放牧家畜主要影响大熊猫栖息地的灌木层结构和主食竹种的种群特征,致使野生大熊猫主动回避被放牧家畜干扰的区域、调整其活动空间和栖息地的范围。因此,合理规划家畜放养区域、严格控制家畜种类和数量是大熊猫国家公园和其他保护区管控放牧干扰的有效措施。This study explored the internal driving factors for the effects of livestock grazing on wild giant pandas,their habitats,and staple bamboo resources,in order to provide a basis for the construction and management of the Giant Panda National Park.Based on the survey data of random sample fields of wild giant pandas and grazing livestock in the Wolong area of the Giant Panda National Park,this paper analyzed the similarities and differences of habitat use patterns between giant pandas and grazing livestock with respect to forest structure and plant community composition.The results showed that there were significant differences in forest structure,between wild giant pandas and grazing livestock with respect to species abundance of arbor layer,coverage of shrub layer,and bamboo characteristics(coverage,density,ground diameter and plant height),while the other indicators had no statistically significant difference.As far as the composition characteristics of woody plants were concerned,the number of families,genera and species in the tree layer and shrub layer of the habitat used by giant pandas was higher than that in the grazing livestock habitat.The similarity coefficient between giant pandas and livestock was low,but when comparing the importance index of the common plant species,the only significant difference was in the three species in the shrub layer,and there was no difference in the community composition of other woody plants.This suggests that grazing livestock mainly affects the structure of the shrub layer of giant panda habitat and characteristics of bamboo.This research,coupled with other studies,shows that wild giant pandas have actively avoided areas disturbed by grazing livestock and adjusted their ranges of habitat.Therefore,an effective measure for managing the Giant Panda National Park and other protected areas is to control grazing disturbance by spatial planning of livestock-free areas and strictly controlling the species and quantity of livestock.

关 键 词：大熊猫 放牧家畜 利用生境 植物群落 群落组成 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学] X174[环境科学与工程—环境科学]