清至民国时期清水江流域的山林共业与地方社会  

Mountain Forest Co-industry and Local Society in Qingshui River Basin from Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China

作　　者：袁文科 Yuan Wenke

机构地区：[1]山西大学中国社会史研究中心

出　　处：《中国经济史评论》2022年第4期106-128,共23页China Economic History Review

基　　金：2018年教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“传统向现代的转型:中国近现代日常生活研究”(18JJD770001)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：明清以来,在土地、林地等产业所有权中通常存在共业形式。从产权角度而言,共业即按份共有的产业,是数名所有者按照确定的份额、股数共有的产业。受自然条件限制、诸子均分制析产、山林买卖等影响,山林业权细分、零散,为便利山林经营与管理,共业形式在贵州清水江流域的林业活动中普遍存在,并通过佃契、卖契、分合同文书确定了主佃、买卖、众山主之间的业权和利益份额,由此山场和劳力利用率提高。但山林共业份额的买卖、转让,通常容易导致山林股额不清,引发利益纠纷。为此,各方基于对情、理、法的共同理解,形成了包括中人、寨老、团绅调解,宰牲鸣神,官提究等民间调解和国家法律相结合的纠纷解决机制,体现出习俗、制度对地方社会问题的应对。Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties,there was usually a form of Co-industry in the ownership of land and forest land.From the property right per-spective Co-industry was an industry which shared by several owners according to a certain number of shares.Affected by the restriction of natural conditions,the inheritance system of all the sons,and the trading of mountain forests,the forestry rights were sub-divided and scattered.In order to managed the mountain forests,the form of Co-industry was widespread in Guizhou Qingshui River Basin forestry from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China.The share of ownership and interest between the owners of the land and sale,were determined by the tenancy and the sub-contract,thus increasing the utilization rate of the farm and the labor force.However,due to the sale and transfer of shares in the mountain forest industry,it was usually easy to cause unclear shares,cause disputes of interest.Therefore,based on the common understanding of sentiment,reason and law,all parties had formed disputes involving civil society mediation and national law,including mediation by middlemen,old villagers,gentry,slaughtering animals,censorship,etc.The resolution mechanism reflected the response of customs and systems to local social problems.

关 键 词：贵州林业 清水江流域 共业 解纠机制 契约文书 

分 类 号：F129[经济管理—世界经济]