晚清下层士子对书院改制的认知与反应--基于《退想斋日记》的微观考察  

The Cognitive and Reaction of the Lower-class Intellectuals in the Late Qing Dynasty about The Reform of Shuyuan System:A Micro Investigation Based on Tuixiangzhai Diary

作　　者：郭三娟[1] 陈浩 GUO Sanjuan;CHEN Hao(College of Education Science,Shanxi University,Taiyuan 030006,China;Faculty of Education,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]山西大学教育科学学院,太原030006 [2]北京师范大学教育学部,北京100875

出　　处：《教育学报》2023年第2期176-187,共12页Journal of Educational Studies

摘　　要：晚清山西士子刘大鹏的日记记录了书院改制前后一个下层士子的观察和体验。书院改制之前,刘大鹏经历了由书院求学者向书院管理者的身份转化,他在认可书院教育价值的同时,也十分敏感地意识到晚清书院滋生的诸多问题,如治学风气的败坏、膏奖制度的流弊、师生关系的畸变等。书院改制初期,刘氏的主要反应是:对裁减膏奖的强烈抗议,对引进西学的矛盾心态,对人才理念更新的漠视。书院制度转向学堂制度之时,刘氏又表现出明显的不适与不满:担忧书院改制后的“士子失业”,批判书院改制的“名实不副”,指责书院改制中的“与民争利”,指出书院改制可能带来的伦理危机与统治危机。这些历史意见并不完全出自个人利益的考量,同时反映了社会转型时期下层士子对家国命运的担忧。The diary of Liu Dapeng recorded the observation and experience of an ordinary intellectual about the reform of Shuyuan System.Before the reform,Liu experienced the identity transformation from a student to a manager.While recognizing the education value of Shuyuan,he was also very sensitive to the many problems of Shuyuan education at that time,such as the corruption of learning atmosphere,the drawback of the scholarship system,and the apathy in the relationship between teachers and students.In the earlier stage of the reform,he showed the following reactions:he opposed reducing the scholarship from Shuyuan,took a contradictory attitude towards the introduction of western knowledge,and ignored the renewal of the talent concept.When the Shuyuan system changed to the school system,Liu showed obvious discomfort and dissatisfaction.He worried that Confucian scholars would be unemployed after the reform,criticized the name of the school converted from Shuyuan inconsistent with the fact,accused of the competing for profits with common people in reform,and pointed out that the reform may bring ethical crisis and ruling crisis.These historical opinions were not entirely motivated by self-interest,but reflected the worries of the ordinary intellectuals about the fate of their country in the period of social transformation.

关 键 词：书院改制 书院 学堂 下层士子 清末教育变革 

分 类 号：G529[文化科学—教育学]