提升雨养夏玉米-冬小麦两熟体系生产力和土壤硝态氮累积的最优耕作模式  

Optimum tillage pattern with high crop productivity and soil nitrate-N accumulation in rain-fed summer maize and winter wheat double cropping system

作　　者：吴金芝[1] 汪洪涛 侯园泉 田文仲 李俊红 张洁[2,3] 李芳 吕军杰[2,3] 姚宇卿 付国占[1] 黄明 李友军 WU Jin-zhi;WANG Hong-tao;HOU Yuan-quan;TIAN Wen-zhong;LI Jun-hong;ZHANG Jie;LI Fang;LÜ Jun-jie;YAO Yu-qing;FU Guo-zhan;HUANG Ming;LI You-jun(School of Agriculture,Henan University of Science and Technology,Luoyang,Henan 471023,China;Luoyang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Luoyang,Henan 471023,China;Luoyang Dryland Agriculture Test Site,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Luoyang,Henan 471023,China)

机构地区：[1]河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳471023 [2]洛阳农林科学院,河南洛阳471023 [3]中国农业科学院洛阳旱农试验基地,河南洛阳471023

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2023年第4期614-627,共14页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划“粮食丰产增效科技创新”重点专项(2018YFD0300707);河南省旱地绿色智慧农业特色骨干学科群建设项目(17100001)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究耕作模式对旱地雨养夏玉米–冬小麦(以下简称玉–麦)两熟体系生产力的影响,并对深松、翻耕在轮耕模式中的作用进行评价。【方法】定位试验于2015—2021年在中国农业科学院洛阳旱农试验基地进行。设置夏免耕秋免耕(SNAN)、夏深松秋免耕(SSAN)、夏免耕秋3年免耕1年翻耕(SNA3N1P)、夏深松秋3年免耕1年翻耕(SSA3N1P)和传统夏秋季均翻耕(CT)5种耕作模式,调查了玉米、小麦的产量和水分利用效率,2020年测定了玉米收获期0—40 cm土层土壤容重、养分含量和酶活性,以及2019—2020年度小麦收获期0—380 cm土层的硝态氮累积量。【结果】1)与CT处理相比,SNAN、SSAN、SNA3N1P和SSA3N1P处理的玉米、小麦和周年产量分别显著提高了28.4%~33.5%、23.7%~25.0%和27.1%~30.3%,水分利用效率分别显著提高了19.6%~39.2%、20.2%~29.3%和29.5%~34.5%,0—5 cm和20—40 cm土层土壤容重显著降低,0—5 cm土层的有机质含量以及0—40 cm多数土层的全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均显著提高;0—80 cm土层硝态氮累积量显著提高了44.3%~104.8%,120—380 cm土层硝态氮累积量显著降低了22.1%~34.1%。2)与夏免耕(SN)处理相比,夏深松(SS)处理对玉米和小麦产量没有显著影响,但显著降低了玉米水分利用效率,提高了10—20 cm土层有机质含量、0—20 cm土层全氮含量、0—5 cm和10—20 cm土层有效磷含量、10—20 cm土层速效钾含量、5—40 cm土层脲酶活性、0—40 cm土层蔗糖酶活性,也提高了20—40 cm土层容重和0—380 cm土层硝态氮累积量。3)与秋免耕(AN)处理相比,秋3年免耕1年翻耕(A3N1P)处理降低了0—5 cm土层的土壤养分含量,增加了5—20 cm各土层有机质含量、5—40 cm各土层速效钾含量、0—40 cm各土层脲酶和蔗糖酶活性;SN处理下的小麦水分利用效率6年均值显著提高了7.1%,SS处理下0—380 cm土层的硝态氮累积量显著降低了12.4【Objectives】We compared the effects of different tillage patterns on crop productivity and nitrate-N accumulation of soil under rain-fed condition,for high yield and less N leaching risk.【Methods】From 2015 to 2021,a field study was conducted at the Luoyang Dry Farming Experimental Plot of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.The cropping system was summer maize-winter wheat.The experiment included five treatments:no tillage in both summer and autumn(SNAN),subsoiling in summer and no tillage in autumn(SSAN),no tillage in summer plus consecutive 3-year-no-tillage-1-year plough in autumn(SNA3N1P),subsoiling in summer plus consecutive 3-year-no-tillage-1-year plough in autumn(SSA3N1P),and conventional plough after wheat and maize harvest(CT).The crop yield and water use efficiency were investigated in 2015–2021.The bulk density,nutrient content,and enzyme activity in the 0–40 cm soil layer were determined at maize harvest in 2020.The nitrate-N accumulation in the 0–380 cm soil layer was investigated at wheat harvest in 2019–2020.【Results】1)Compared with CT,SNAN,SSAN,SNA3N1P,and SSA3N1P significantly increased maize yield by 28.4%–33.5%,wheat yield by 23.7%–25.0%,and whole year yield by 27.1%–30.3%;increased maize water use efficiency(WUE)by 19.6%–39.2%,wheat WUE by 20.2%–29.3%,and whole year WUE by 29.5%–34.5%;decreased soil bulk density at 0–5 cm and 20–40 cm soil layer significantly;increased organic matter(OM)at 0–5 cm soil layer and total N(TN),available P(AP),readily available K(AK)content;and increased surcease and urease activity at most measured layer in 0–40 cm soil profile;meanwhile,the nitrite-N accumulation was increased by 44.3%–104.8%in 0–80 cm soil profile but decreased by 22.1%–34.1%in 120–380 cm soil profile.2)Compared with no tillage in summer(namely SN),subsoiling in summer(namely SS)did not affect the crop yield,but significantly decreased maize WUE,increased OM at 10–20 cm soil layer,TN in 0–20 cm profile,AP at 0–5 cm and 10–20 cm so

关 键 词：耕作模式 雨养旱地 夏玉米 冬小麦 产量 水分利用效率 土壤性状 硝态氮 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S512.11