船舶碰撞漏油事故中非漏油船舶的所有人过错归责相关问题辨析——“达飞佛罗里达”轮油污案再审判决内外的思考  

Analysis on Liability for Fault of the Owner of Non-Spilling Ship in Case of Collision:Some Thoughts on the Retrial Judgments of the Vessel“CMA CGM Florida”Oil Pollution Case

作　　者：余晓汉 Yu Xiaohan

机构地区：[1]最高人民法院知识产权法庭

出　　处：《国际法研究》2023年第2期58-77,共20页Chinese Review of International Law

摘　　要：船舶碰撞引起的油污事故中非漏油船舶的所有人归责相关问题涉及不同国际条约之间、国际条约与国内法、特别法与一般法、实体法与程序法的调整边界与适用关系,需要厘清。从各方面论证分析,可以得出两点结论:第一,有关公约对该系争问题没有规定,即《1992年油污公约》和《2001年燃油公约》仅规定了漏油船舶的所有人的无过错责任,而没有规定有过错第三人对油污受损害人的责任;第二,国内法规定的过错归责原则当然适用,即油污受损害人有权依据《民法典》第1233条(原《侵权责任法》第68条)的规定请求船舶碰撞中的非漏油船舶的所有人按照过失比例承担油污损害赔偿责任。油污受损害人同时或者单独起诉碰撞两船所有人,其案由均只应定为船舶污染损害责任纠纷。《海商法》第208条第2项的规定仅为责任限制规范而不能作为归责依据。对于《2001年燃油公约》和《1992年油污公约》项下的污染损害,受损害人对非漏油船舶的所有人的赔偿请求,除法定排除情形外,原则上可依法作为《海商法》第11章项下限制性海事赔偿请求。In the oil pollution accident caused by ship collision,the imputation on the part of the owner of non-spilling colliding ship involves the scopes and orders of application among the different international treaties,international treaties and domestic laws,special laws and general laws,substantive laws and procedural laws,which need to be clarified.By analyzing from all the aspects,two conclusions have been reached.Firstly,the relevant conventions are silent as to the issue,namely,International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage,1992(referred to as 1992 CLC)and International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage,2001(referred to as the Bunker Convention)only stipulate the liability of the owner of the spilling ship,but do not stipulate the liability of the third party at fault for the ship pollution.Secondly,the doctrine of fault liability under the domestic laws is applicable in due course,namely,the victims suffering from oil pollution are entitled to request the owner of non-spilling colliding ship in the collision to bear the liability for oil pollution damage according to the proportion of its fault in accordance with article 1233 of the Civil Code of PRC(the equivalent of article 68 of the Law of Tort Liability of PRC).The cause of action shall only be defined as a dispute over the liability for pollution damage of ships,when the victims suffering from oil pollution bring lawsuit against the owners of two colliding ships together or separately.Item 2 of article 208 of the Maritime Code of PRC is only a norm concerning limitation of liability and may not be cited as a legal basis of imputation.In principle,for the pollution damage under the 1992 CLC and the Bunker Convention,the claim brought by the victims against the owners of non-spilling colliding ship should be regarded as a maritime claim which may be limited under chapter 11 of the Maritime Code of PRC subject to the certain exclusions otherwise provided.

关 键 词：船舶碰撞 油污损害 非漏油船舶 归责 责任限制 “达飞佛罗里达”轮油污案 

分 类 号：D996.19[政治法律—经济法学]