乐教论  

On Music Education

作　　者：吴天明[1] Wu Tianming

机构地区：[1]武汉大学文学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《中州学刊》2023年第5期126-138,F0002,共14页Academic Journal of Zhongzhou

摘　　要：乐教是中国官方熏陶官员的音乐教育活动,旨在培养端正持中的正人君子,使之务除偏狭,养成公道公平公正的道德品质和行为习惯,最终治国富民,无关治国的民间俗乐均被排除。五帝三代乐教与诗教书教礼教混在一起,周末春秋之交开始细分为诗、书、礼、乐四教,春秋末期增加易、春秋为六教,延续至清朝,最近几十年诗书礼乐四教重新混合。五帝夏商周春秋九代人神混杂,故九代“古乐”实行政教合一。春秋时代郑卫宋齐四国出现背弃“古乐”传统的“新乐”,与战国至今“新乐”相似,故春秋至今为后九代“新乐”阶段,春秋时代既属于九代,也属于后九代。九代乐教理论,《舜典》《大司乐》为乐教治国的“工具论”,孔子发展了“工具论”并创造了反对“郑声淫”的“风格论”,三者均只适合九代“古乐”,而与后九代“新乐”脱节。“新乐”虽缺乏经典理论,但总结其音乐实践,无非是官乐民乐交融、乐教愉情并重、抒情风格多样、剔除宗教色彩等,与九代乐教理论迥异。后九代经师学者不明中国历史发展大势,以九代“古乐”的乐教理论反复证成孔子批评春秋“新乐”的“郑声淫说”,故均徒劳无功。Music education is a kind of music education activity aimed at cultivating upright gentlemen,eliminating their narrowminded behaviors,and forming their moral qualities and habits of fairness and justice.It ultimately could be used to govern the country and make the people prosperous,and folk music unrelated to governing the country had been excluded.The music education of the Five Emperors and Three Dynasties was mixed with the poetry education,books education,and rites education.At the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the end of the Zhou Dynasty,the subdivision into Poetry,Book,Rites and Music appeared.At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period,The Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn were added to them and made the educations in six fields until the Qing Dynasty.In recent decades the four educations of Poetry,Books,Rites and Music were remixed again.During the Nine Dynasties,which include the Period of the Five Emperors,Xia,Shang,Zhou,and the Spring and Autumn,people and gods were mixed,so the“ancient music”of the Nine Dynasties practiced the Caesaropapism.During the Spring and Autumn Period,in the four states of Zheng,Wei,Song,and Qi emerged a“new music”that betrayed the tradition of“ancient music”,similar to the“new mu⁃sic”from the Warring States Period to the present.Therefore,from the Spring and Autumn Period to now,it was the“new music”stage of the later Nine Dynasties,and the Spring and Autumn Period belonged to both the Nine and the later Nine Dynasties.In the the⁃ory of music education in the Nine Dynasties,“Shun’s classics”and“Head of music official”were instrumental theories for governing the country through music education.Confucius developed the instrumental theory and created a style theory that opposed Zheng’s in⁃dulgent music.All three were only suitable for the“ancient music”of the Nine Dynasties and were disconnected from the“new music”of the later Nine Dynasties.Although“new music”lacks classic theories,summarizing its music practi

关 键 词：《舜典》 《大司乐》 郑声淫 九代“古乐” 后九代“新乐” 

分 类 号：B21[哲学宗教—中国哲学]