被害人教义学的法理基础与功能定位  

Jurisprudential Basis and Functional Orientation of Victimology

作　　者：邓卓行 Deng Zhuoxing

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2023年第5期78-93,共16页Law Science

基　　金：中国博士后基金第71批面上资助“刑法家长主义及其限度”(2022M711769)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：被害人作为影响刑事司法的重要因素,与其相关的理论研究在两方面展开:一是基于社会学研究方法的犯罪被害人学;二是本文所论及的基于体系逻辑发展而来的被害人教义学。被害人教义学主张,若可期待被害人采取自我保护措施免受侵害,而被害人竟未进行自我保护,那么刑法就无须介入,损害后果应由被害人自行承担。被害人教义学的法理基础包含四方面内容:刑法从家长主义转变为自我决定;汲取犯罪被害人学的研究成果;贯彻最后手段原则;从被害人视角认定犯罪。应当认为,以上四方面内容皆不妥当。自由法治并不意味着刑法减少对国民安全的保护;犯罪被害人学的研究成果被片面截取;最后手段原则仅适于立法论,被害人因素并不影响行为人成立犯罪,因此,从被害人视角认定犯罪并不妥适,反倒是量刑领域可以妥帖贯彻被害人教义学思想,让裁判者根据被害人因素决定是否从宽处罚。也因此,刑事司法应鼓励行为人与被害人的良性沟通。The victim dogmatics holds that if the victim can be expected to take measures of protecting himself from harm but fails to do so,there is no need for criminal law to intervene and it is the victim who should bear the consequences of the damage.The jurisprudence foundation of the victim dogmatics includes four aspects:The state changes from paternalism to rule of law,absorb the research results of crime victimology,implementing the principle of last resort,and identify a crime from the victim's perspective.It should be considered that the above four aspects are not appropriate.The rule of law does not mean that criminal law reduces the protection of personal security.The victimology is one-sided intercepted.The principle of last resort is only suitable for legislation,and any factor of victim does not affect the perpetrator's establishment of the crime.Therefore,it is not appropriate to identify the crime from the angle of the victim.But it is only in the sentence fiels that can the victim dogmatics be properly implemented,which means the judge deciding whether a lenient treatment is more appropriate.Therefore,criminal justice should encourage the benign communication between the perpetrator and the victim.

关 键 词：被害人教义学 犯罪被害人学 被害人因素 从宽处罚 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]