18世纪普鲁士国王的贵族政策——兼论德意志国家君主专制的历史意义  

The Prussian Kings' Nobility Policies in the 18thCentury and the Historical Significance of German Absolutism

作　　者：王志华 WANG Zhihua

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学历史文化学院,430079 [2]华东师范大学历史学系,200241

出　　处：《历史教学问题》2023年第1期22-31,200,共11页History Research And Teaching

基　　金：中国博士后科学基金第71批面上资助课题“18世纪德意志贵族转型研究”(2022M711167)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：18世纪的德意志贵族转型不止表现为一个等级或阶级的逐步解体和消亡,贵族个体的现代化或资产阶级化也包括在内。在后一过程中,像普鲁士国王弗里德里希·威廉一世和弗里德里希二世那样的德意志专制君主起了决定性作用。他俩都致力于通过军事学校、军官团和行政体系的建设推动规训革命,即为个体现代化或资产阶级化确立标准,建立设施,完善机制,进而加速社会转型。与此同时,规训革命和资产阶级文化的形成却加剧了贵族生存状态的两极化趋势。贫困问题构成了现代资产阶级社会的一个无法回避的不稳定因素。The transformation of the German nobility in the 18th century was not only manifested in its dissolution and demise as an estate or class,but also in its modernization or transformation into the bourgeoisie.In the latter process,the Prussian kings like Frederick William I and Frederick II played a decisive role.They both sought to promote disciplinary revolution by building the military school,the officer corps,and the bureaucracy.In other words,they regulated standards,established institutions,improved mechanisms to accelerate social transformation.Meanwhile,the disciplinary revolution and the formation of the capitalist culture polarized the life of the nobles.Poverty became an inevitable destabilizing factor in the modern capitalist society.

关 键 词：君主专制 开明专制 贵族 普鲁士 

分 类 号：K516.4[历史地理—历史学] D751.6[历史地理—世界史]