恩格斯对现实主义文学规范的建构及其影响  

On Engels’Construction of the Norm of Realist Literature and its Influence

作　　者：高旭东[1] Gao Xudong(School of Liberal Arts,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学文学院,北京100872

出　　处：《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第2期74-83,共10页Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“马克思恩格斯与比较文学和世界文学研究”(项目编号:16BZW014)。

摘　　要：与浪漫主义是以对古典主义斗争的姿态登上文坛相比,现实主义是静悄悄地登上文坛的,司汤达、巴尔扎克等早期的现实主义作家都没有自认现实主义以划清与浪漫主义的界限。而福楼拜在巴尔扎克身后,推动现实主义向着更为客观化的方向发展,到了左拉的实验小说达到科学化与客观化的极致。恩格斯在现实主义流派兴起后,认为现实主义除细节的真实外,还要真实地再现典型环境中的典型人物。作为直接参与现实主义文学规范建构的革命导师,恩格斯以早期现实主义的巴尔扎克为典范作家而排斥左拉的结果,使社会主义国家走着一条与西方以福楼拜的客观主义与左拉的科学实验观不同的现实主义路线,即对浪漫主义的兼容,并且将现实主义与自然主义对立起来。In contrast to romanticism which stepped in the literary arena through fighting against classicism aggressively,realism entered into the literary world quietly.Stendhal(司汤达),Honoré·de Balzac(巴尔扎克)and other early realist writers did not recognize realism themselves so as to draw a line between romanticism and realism.Gustave Flaubert(福楼拜),following Balzac,pushed realism forward in a more objective direction,andémile Zola's(左拉)experimental novels reached the ultimate of scientization and objectification.After the rise of the school of realism,Friedrich Engels(恩格斯)believed that realism should not only reflect the truth of details,but also reproduce the typical characters in the typical environment.As a revolutionary mentor,Engels took a direct part in the construction of the norm of realist literature,and spoke highly of Balzac instead of Zola as a model writer in early realism.As a result,this led socialist countries in taking a realist line which differed from Flaubert's objectivism and Zola's scientific experimentalism,namely,being compatible with romanticism,and making realism antagonistic to naturalism.

关 键 词：恩格斯 现实主义 巴尔扎克 文学规范 

分 类 号：I022[文学—文学理论]