重新识读研究型大学——美国研究型大学的发展特征及其对中国的启示  

Re-recognizing Research Universities——The Development Characteristics of American Research Universities and Its Enlightenment to China

作　　者：毛建青[1] 陈文博 宣勇[1,3] MAO Jianqing;CHEN Wenbo;XUAN Yong(School of Public Management,Modern University System Research Center,Zhejiang University of Technology,Hangzhou,Zhejiang 310023;Department of Education Management,School of Education,National Institute of Macropolicy Research on Education,East China Normal University,Shanghai,200062;Education Governance Research Center,Zhejiang International Studies University,Hangzhou,Zhejiang 310023)

机构地区：[1]浙江工业大学公共管理学院/现代大学制度研究中心,浙江杭州310023 [2]华东师范大学教育学部教育管理学系/国家教育宏观政策研究院,上海200062 [3]浙江外国语学院教育治理研究中心,浙江杭州310023

出　　处：《湖南师范大学教育科学学报》2023年第2期103-114,共12页Journal of Educational Science of Hunan Normal University

基　　金：浙江省哲学社会科学规划课题“一流大学经费规模、收支结构及其与科研产出关系的实证研究”[20NDJC051YB];国家自然科学基金青年项目“大学内部经费配置结构、模式及其与产出水平的关系研究”[71804164]。

摘　　要：研究型大学日益成为各国创新能力和国际竞争力的动力之源,更是各国发展建设与竞逐的对象,因此重新识读研究型大学意义重大。作为世界上最高水平的研究型大学代表,美国研究型大学的基本形态有明显且稳定的特征:其校均教职工规模庞大,辅助人员是专任教师数的三倍;校均本科生和研究生增长显著,但生师比和研本比普遍较低;校均、生均和师均经费收入规模庞大且增长稳定;收入来源多元化,经费支出结构在功能和用途上分别以教学和研究,以及工资和福利为主。同时,美国研究型大学的职能不断演变,学术创业正发展为第四大职能;美国研究型大学数量不断增长,其中新晋研究型大学以公立大学为主,发展路径不一但有共同特征;国家间日益加剧的竞争、相继出台的系列法案和大量投入的财政性经费直接推动了美国研究型大学的发展。受美国研究型大学发展特征的启发,我国应分层分类建设大学,构建高质量的高等教育体系与生态;给予大学自主发展空间,积极引导社会力量支持并推动具有中国特色的新型研究型大学的发展;调整学生规模和比例,扩大专任教师和辅助人员规模;增加经费收入规模,切实拓宽收入来源渠道;优化经费支出结构,持续细化大学的预决算项目,以期推动我国研究型大学发展和高质量高等教育体系建设。It is of great significance to re-recognize research universities,as they have increasingly become the source of power for innovation and international competitiveness,and are also the targets of development,construction and competition in various countries.As the representative of the highest-level research universities in the world,the basic types of American research universities have obvious and stable characteristics:the average number of faculty and staff is huge,and the number of auxiliary staff is three times that of full-time teachers;the average number of undergraduates and graduate students has increased significantly,but the student-teacher ratio and graduates-undergraduates ratio are generally low;the per-school,per-student and per-teacher funding income is large and growing steadily;the sources of income are diversified,and the expenditure is mainly on teaching and research,salary and welfare in terms of function and purpose.At the same time,the functions of American research universities are constantly evolving,and academic entrepreneurship is developing into the fourth major function;the number of American research universities is increasing,and the new ones are mainly public universities,with different development paths but common characteristics;the increasingly intensified competition among countries,the successive introduction of a series of laws and a large amount of financial funds have directly promoted the development of American research universities.Inspired by the development characteristics of American research universities,we should build universities by layers and categories,and build a high-quality higher education system and ecology;give universities space for independent development,and actively guide social forces to support and promote the development of new research universities with Chinese characteristics;adjust the scale and proportion of students,expand the scale of full-time teachers and auxiliary staff;increase the scale of funding income,and effectively broaden the sourc

关 键 词：研究型大学 高等教育体系 学术创业 教师队伍 大学经费 

分 类 号：G640[文化科学—高等教育学]