马端临“职役”概念及其意义  

The Concept of"Zhiyi"from Ma Duanlin and Its Significance

作　　者：吴树国 Wu Shuguo

机构地区：[1]福建师范大学社会历史学院,福州350117

出　　处：《历史研究》2023年第2期79-99,M0004,M0005,共23页Historical Research

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“中国职役通史”(19ZDA190)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：马端临“职役”概念产生于中国古代“职”不断“役”化基础上。马氏认为,“职役”本质为“役”,“困苦卑贱同于徭役”是其内涵特征。但《文献通考·职役门》又收录“差役”相关史料,而差役中“吏”阶层与职役“困苦卑贱同于徭役”内涵特征存在较大距离。这一编排,不仅与马端临职役概念内涵特征相冲突,也使差役被读者误为职役概念外延,甚至将差役与职役等同。马端临《文献通考》呈现差役面相及后人理解发生偏差的根源,是中国古代社会长期存在的官民语境,使“吏”阶层处于被遮蔽状态。辨析马端临职役概念,对认识中国古代役制和行政管理体系有一定意义。The evolution of"zhi"(duty to serve)was based on the continuous imposition of"yi"(corvee labor)in ancient China,giving rise to Ma Duanlin's concept of"zhiyi"(position-characterized corvee service).Ma insisted that"zhiyi"was"corvee"in nature,with the underlying implication that hardship and humbleness were an aspect of corvee service.However,the historical documents related to"chaiyi"(appointment from service)collected in his masterpiece,General Research on Literature:The Category of Zhiyi,indicate that officials in service were far removed from hardship and humbleness in that service.Such arrangements not only contradicted Ma's understanding of"zhiyi"but misled readers into interpreting"chaiyi"as an extension of,or even identical to,the concept of"zhiyi".The root cause of later scholars'misunderstanding of"chaiyi"in Ma's General Research on Literature was the context prevailing in ancient China at the official and civilian levels,which maintained the class of"officials"in obscurity.A clear analysis on Ma's concept of"zhiyi"is of significance to the further understanding of ancient China's corvee and administrative systems.

关 键 词：役制 职役 职吏 职官 《文献通考》 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学] K23[政治法律—中外政治制度]