机器人角色、生产分割与生产方式转换  

Robot Role,Production Fragmentation and Production Mode Transformation

作　　者：孙早[1] 陈玉洁 SUN Zao;CHEN Yu-jie(School of Economics and Finance,Xi’an Jiaotong University)

机构地区：[1]西安交通大学经济与金融学院

出　　处：《中国工业经济》2023年第4期5-23,共19页China Industrial Economics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“人工智能发展对新时期中国就业的影响与应对政策研究”(批准号20AJY006)。

摘　　要：人工智能技术的发展,既提供了以自动化技术为主要特征的新动能,也提供了对人类脑力劳动进行分解、模拟和延伸的全新技术手段。工业机器人作为人工智能技术在生产领域的核心载体,既可以利用自动化技术成为工业生产的发动机,也可以通过生产工具创新和生产知识创新实现工具机的价值。本文基于Becker and Murphy(1992)分工模型,刻画了工业机器人引发生产方式变革的演化路径:工业机器人首先以发动机的形式完成可自动化范围内的任务,进而以工具机的形式辅助劳动力实现非自动化范围内生产环节的分割重组,反向推动自动化范围内子任务的分工深化,最终实现整个任务区间生产方式的转变。经验研究表明:当工业机器人应用量达到一定规模时,增加工业机器人投入能够促进生产分割程度提升,行业研发投入的增加则会加速生产分割的进程。工业机器人应用对劳动生产率的影响过程与转变生产方式的演化路径高度吻合。本文的研究为政府引导工业企业“聚焦人工智能核心技术攻关,通过工业机器人应用加快推进生产分割”提供了理论与经验证据。Experience of the First Industrial Revolution shows that in the machine development,engine only provides new kinetic energy for production,while tool machine truly realizes the transformation of production mode.In the era of industrial intelligence,what kind of role does industrial robots play—the role of engine or the role of tool machine?This determines whether the development of artificial intelligence can trigger a new round of industrial revolution.This paper analyzes the impact of industrial robots on the production process from the perspective of artificial intelligence system replacing human mental activity.Specifically,the development of artificial intelligence provides not only an automated program to replace part of human brain work as a new kinetic energy,but also a new technical means to decompose,simulate and extend human brain work.As the core carrier of artificial intelligence technology in the production field,industrial robots can not only become the engine of industrial production by using automatic programs,but also realize the value of tool machine through the innovation of production tools and production knowledge.Therefore,the application of industrial robots has the potential to transform the mode of production.Based on the division model in Becker and Murphy(1992),this paper introduces the evolution path of production mode transformation driven by industrial robots.Industrial robots first complete tasks within the scope of automation in the form of engine;then,in the form of tool machine,it assists the labor to realize the division and reorganization of production links within the scope of non-automation,reversely promotes the deepening of the division of sub-tasks within the scope of automation,and finally realizes the transformation of the production mode of the whole task interval.This paper measures the degree of production fragmentation based on data of input-output tables,and uses industry-level data from 2006 to 2014 to examines the impact of industrial robot application on produ

关 键 词：生产分割 工业机器人 生产方式转换 劳动生产率 工具机 

分 类 号：F420[经济管理—产业经济]