元朝蒙古语影响元明契约文书一例分析——契约文书“立此为照者”之“者”的来源  

The influence of Mongolian on Yuan and Ming written contracts:The source of zhe(者)in li ci wei zhao zhe(立此为照者)

作　　者：黑维强[1] 杨青青 HEI Weiqiang;YANG Qingqing

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学文学院,西安

出　　处：《中国语文》2023年第3期343-354,384,共13页Studies of the Chinese Language

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“明代至民国西北地区契约文书整理、语言文字研究及数据库建设”(19ZDA309);陕西师范大学专项科研项目“长安与丝路文化传播”(YZJDB05)成果之一。

摘　　要：古代契约文书常见的立契原因表达套语句式是“空口无凭,立此为照”“恐人难信,立此为用”。元朝时出现了“立此为照者”“立此为用者”,一直延续至明朝万历年间,之后趋于消失,而福建地区滞后至清朝,是为例外。从历史发展背景看,元朝“立此为照者”之类是汉语与蒙古语接触的结果,明朝使用“者”是受元朝行文习惯影响的结果。元明时期在契约文书范本中偶见用例,说明蒙古语在当时的影响力比较大;明朝中叶以后使用逐渐减少,是汉语回归自身用法的体现,也从侧面说明了“者”的接触性质。蒙汉语言接触是“者”产生的外在原因,两种语言共有的功能上的相似性和句法位置的一致性是祈使语气用法产生的内在原因,类推是“者”的陈述语气用法产生的机制。The expression"this(contract)is hereby made as a proof"is commonly found in ancient Chinese written contracts.During the Yuan Dynasty,it changed into li ci wei zhao zhe(立此为照者)/li ci wei yong zhe(立此为用者)with an extra zhe(者)which had remained in use until the Wanli era of the Ming Dynasty.In Fujian,such an expression was even used during the Qing Dynasty.Based on the historical background,the use of zhe for indicative mood in phrases like li ci wei zhao zhe is supposed to be an outcome of language contact with Mongolian during the Yuan Dynasty and was later adopted in the Ming dynasty.It indicates a strong influence of Mongolian during the Yuan Dynasty.Since mid-Ming Dynasty,such a use of zhe in writen contracts gradually declined which indicates the return of traditional Chinese standards and implies its foreign origin.In the midst of language contact,it was the functional and syntactic similarities between zhe and its Mongolian counterpart that led to the occurrence of zhe expressing indicative mood.

关 键 词：元明契约文书 套语句式 “者” 语言接触 比较 

分 类 号：K247[历史地理—历史学] K248[历史地理—中国史] H212[语言文字—少数民族语言]