清代道府请训与日常政务运作——兼论召见书写及其特点  

A Study on Daofu Asking for Instructions and Daily Government Affairs in the Qing Dynasty-Also on Instructions Writing and Its Characteristics

作　　者：张振国 ZHANG Zhenguo

机构地区：[1]安徽师范大学历史学院,安徽芜湖241002

出　　处：《学术月刊》2023年第5期202-216,共15页Academic Monthly

摘　　要：在清代,道府选任受到最高统治者和中央政府的高度重视。除分别繁简,划分官缺等级,更是订立请训制度,递折觐见,君臣面对面地问答交流。在此过程中,道府依次与吏部官员、长班、军机章京、苏拉、军机大臣、太监、皇帝(和皇太后)等交流互动,构筑起集事件、人物、行为、空间、时间为一体的生动的“舞台剧”。观看“前台”,透视“幕后”,不仅可以填补官方记载和行政运作的间隙,还能强化官员召见的历史感和现场感。而其间产生的皇帝朱批和官员记忆,为后人观察清朝国家治理和政务运行提供了重要素材。但受主观因素的影响,朱批带有很强的主观性,记忆有增删、修饰之处,利用时需要审视。In the Qing Dynasty,the election of Daoyuan(“道员”)and Zhifu(“知府”)was highly valued by the emperor and the central government.In addition to the division of complexity and simplicity,and the division of the official rank,it is also necessary to establish a system of asking for instructions,present a memorial to the emperor,and ask and answer questions between the emperor and the minister face to face.During this process,the Daofu(“道府”)successively communicated and interacted with officials of the Ministry of Civil Affairs,Changban(“长班”),the officials of Military Aircraft,Sula(“苏拉”),the ministers of Military Aircraft,the eunuch,the emperor(and the empress dowager),etc.,which constructed a vivid“stage drama”integrating events,characters,behaviors,space and time.Viewing the stage and perusing the scene can not only fll the gap between official records and administrative operations,but also strengthen the sense of history and the sense of the scene that officials are summoned.The emperors'Zhupi(“朱批”)and officials'memories produced during this period provided important materials for later generations to observe the governance and government operation in the Qing Dynasty.However,influenced by subjective factors,Zhupi has a strong subjectivity,and there are additions,deletions and modifications in memory,which need to be examined when using.

关 键 词：道府请训 引见 召见 日常政务 历史书写 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学] K249[政治法律—中外政治制度]