敦煌壁画中的蜀葵:从药用到礼佛  

Hollyhock in Dunhuang Murals:From Medicine to Flower Offerings for the Buddha

作　　者：岳亚斌[1] 张田芳 YUE Yabin;ZHANG Tianfang(College of Fine Arts,Northwest Normal University,Lanzhou 730070,Gansu;Dunhuang Textual Research Institute,Dunhuang Academy,Lanzhou 730030,Gansu)

机构地区：[1]西北师范大学美术学院,甘肃兰州730070 [2]敦煌研究院敦煌文献研究所,甘肃兰州730030

出　　处：《敦煌研究》2023年第2期1-10,共10页Dunhuang Research

基　　金：甘肃省社科规划一般项目“敦煌壁画里的色彩美学研究”(2021YB053);西北师范大学重大科研项目“‘丝绸之路:长安—天山廊道’中外工艺美术交流研究”(NWNU-SKZD2021-05)。

摘　　要：蜀葵是人们日常生活中最为常见的花卉之一,唐初始见于敦煌及周边石窟壁画,晚唐以后频繁地出现于敦煌莫高窟和吐鲁番地区的石窟壁画中,多见于菩萨、药师佛以及供养人的手中或盘中。表现手法各有千秋,或工或略,或写实或写意,取决于画工的审美意趣及对绘画技法的掌握程度。蜀葵入于石窟,不惟其花本身之高大、笔直、花色娇艳,更重要的因素在于蜀葵本身的药用功能。尤其是永徽四年,蜀葵用于治疗早期天花,疗效甚好,故而被赋予复生与禳灾之意蕴。同时,密教文献中也多次提到建坛城时用蜀葵擦拭,尽显其药用功能。因此蜀葵由药用而成为礼佛的供品,是石窟壁画的一种稀见现象,应引起关注。In the history of Buddhism in the northwest regions of China,hollyhock flowers first appeared in the cave murals of Dunhuang and the surrounding areas before appearing frequently in the murals of the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang and the cave temples in Turfan beginning in the Late Tang dynasty.The flowers were either held in the hands of bodhisattvas,the medicine Buddha or donors,or were placed on plates.Many different artistic styles were used to depict hollyhockssometimes elaborately or in simple sketches realistically or in a more freehand renderingwhich seems to have depended on the aesthetic interests of the individual painters and their mastery of painting techniques.Hollyhock became popular in cave murals not only because its shape and beautiful colors fit well with other elements of Buddhist art,but also because it was known to possess medicinal properties.Especially after the fourth year ofthe Yonghui era(653 CE)when hollyhock was used effectively to treat smallpox,the flowers became endowed with connotations of resurrection and the avoidance of calamity.In addition,hollyhocks are also mentioned frequently in Esoteric Buddhist scriptures as being used to wipe or scrub surfaces clean,especially when creating a Mandala,which further cements the association between hollyhocks and health and cleanliness.It can be concluded for the above reasons that hollyhock flowers became popular offerings to the Buddha because of its connection to health and healing;the inclusion of these flowers in Dunhuang cave murals following a period of calamity in the region is also worthy of careful attention.

关 键 词：蜀葵 敦煌壁画 礼佛 

分 类 号：K879.41[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]