卢梭论现代人的政治救赎及其失败  

Rousseau’s Political Philosophy on the Redemption of Modern Man and Its Failure

作　　者：郭台辉 魏德伟 Guo Taihui;Wei Dewei

机构地区：[1]云南大学,昆明650091 [2]云南大学政府管理学院,昆明650091

出　　处：《学海》2023年第3期185-194,共10页Academia Bimestris

摘　　要：卢梭考察现代人的根本处境,批判现代社会的不公正,由此展开政治哲学的救赎方案。与霍布斯和洛克的方案不同,卢梭建立以普遍意志(公意)为基础的政治社会,以此为丧失自由的现代人提供政治救赎。然而,卢梭的救赎方案总体上是失败的,体现为相互关联的三组张力:其一,个别意志与普遍意志内在于每个个体之中,二者的张力使卢梭式的政治社会难以建立和保存,卢梭将这一张力交由古典式立法者来化解;其二,古典式立法者与人民主权存在冲突,卢梭不得不放弃这一方案,转而交给公民宗教来弥合,但引出自基督教神学时代以降政治与宗教关系之间的外在张力;其三,政治(特殊主义)与宗教(普遍主义)的本质不同,决定了卢梭的公民宗教方案无力化解两组紧张关系。重新考察卢梭的政治方案及其失败,可以为更深入反思西方政治哲学传统及其现代困境提供新视角。Rousseau’s political philosophy thoroughly examines the fundamental condition of modern individuals and criticizes the injustice of modern society,subsequently raising a project for redemption.In contrast to Hobbes and Locke,Rousseau’s political philosophy establishes a political society founded on the principles of the general will,which provides a political redemption for modern individuals who have lost their freedom.However,this paper argues that Rousseau’s redemption is ultimately unsuccessful,due to three groups of interrelated tensions.First,the tension between particular will and general will is inherent in each individual,creating obstacles to the establishment and sustainability of political society.In response,Rousseau entrusts this tension to classical legislators to resolve.Second,there is a conflict between classical legislators and popular sovereignty,prompting Rousseau to abandon this project and turn to civil religion to reconcile the tension.However,it leads to an external tension between politics and religion since the era of Christian theology.Finally,the essential difference between politics(particularism)and religion(universalism)dictate that Rousseau’s civil religion is inadequate for resolving the two groups of tension.To reexamine Rousseau’s political philosophy and its failure provide a new perspective for deeper reflection on the western tradition of political philosophy and its modern predicament.

关 键 词：卢梭政治哲学 政治救赎 普遍意志 公民宗教 

分 类 号：D091[政治法律—政治学] B565.26[哲学宗教—外国哲学]