船舶最高额抵押权的困境及对策  

The Problems and Countermeasures of the Maximum Mortgage of Ships

作　　者：梁逸扬 黄谨 Liang Yiyang;Huang Jin(China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088,China;Dalian Maritime University,Dalian,Liaoning 116026,China)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学,北京100088 [2]大连海事大学,辽宁大连116026

出　　处：《中国海事》2023年第6期20-23,共4页China Maritime Safety

摘　　要：船舶最高额抵押权是以《海商法》第3条所规定的船舶为客体设立的、在预定的最高限额内以担保将来一定期限内连续发生债权的清偿为目的的特殊抵押权。《海商法》并未对船舶最高额抵押权专设条文规范,但实务及司法均对其持肯定态度,并适用《物权法》《民法典》中关于动产最高额抵押权的规定。但船舶最高额抵押权也存在一定困境,主要体现为船舶优先权对其产生的不利影响,以及当主债权在因船舶被扣押而确定时,《民法典》所采取的主观标准难以契合船舶扣押的实践情况。可以通过建立船舶优先权信息披露制度、明确船舶最高额抵押权主债权因船舶扣押而确定的客观标准及抵押权人的保护路径等方法,解决前述困境。The maximum mortgage of a ship is a special mortgage set up with the ship specified in Article 3 of the Maritime Code as the object and within the predetermined maximum limit to guarantee the repayment of the creditor's rights in a certain period of time in the future.The Maritime Code does not contain special provisions and regulations on the maximum mortgage of ships,but a positive attitude is taken towards it both in practice and the judiciary domain and the provisions on the maximum mortgage of movable property as provided in the Property Law and the Civil Code are applied in both areas.There are also difficulties in the maximum mortgage of the ship,which are mainly reflected in the adverse effects of the maritime lien on it,and when the secured creditor's rights are determined due to the arrest of the ship,it is difficult to match the subjective standard adopted by the Civil Code with the practice of the arrest of the ship.The above-mentioned difficulties can be solved through establishing the information disclosure system of maritime liens and clarifying the objective standard for determining the main creditor's rights of the maximum mortgage of the ship due to the arrest of the ship and the path for the protection of the mortgagee.

关 键 词：船舶最高额抵押权 船舶优先权 主债权的确定 船舶扣押 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]