关于“人之尊严”的一种谱系学和现象学考察——兼论康德的尊严观  

Human Dignity:A Genealogical and Phenomenological Investigation also on Kant's View of Dignity

作　　者：张志平[1] 施周祺 Zhang Zhiping;Shi Zhouqi(Department of Philosophy,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai 200234,China)

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学哲学系,上海200234

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2023年第3期47-56,93,共11页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

摘　　要：本文从谱系学和现象学的角度对人的尊严进行了考察。从谱系学的角度看,皮科、帕斯卡尔把尊严视为人所固有的高于万物的禀赋,给人带来的“绝对”荣光;休谟从相对的关系性和个体的差异性出发,解构了人之尊严的绝对性;康德虽然从现象人的角度出发完全否认了人具有高于万物的禀赋,从而否认了人具有尊严,但是,从本体人的角度,康德又类似于皮科和帕斯卡尔,赋予尊严以一种人人皆有的绝对性。不过,对于他们来说,尊严同时还有另一面向,即,尊严乃是人自身有待实现的一种潜能。从现象学的角度看,人的尊严离不开人对尊严的意识,而尊严意识是一种纯粹的精神性现象,它涉及到自我和他者在彼此的关系中如何存在的问题,并因此是关系性的、自我朝向他者的一种开放意识。尊严意识离不开人的价值赋予能力、价值差异意识和价值等级意识,它从本质上讲是一种“我们”意识,但又真正维护着个体的独立性和自主性,是人为自身创造希望的一种意识潜能。This paper investigates the human dignity from the angle of genealogy and phenomenology.From the perspective of genealogy,Pico and Pascal regarded dignity as the"absolute"glory brought to man by the innate endowment superior to all things;Hume deconstructed the absoluteness of human dignity from the perspective of relative relation and individual difference;although Kant completely denied the endowment superior to all things from the perspective of phenomenal man,thus denying human dignity,from the perspective of noumenal man,Kant,like Pico and Pascal,imparts dignity with a kind of universal absoluteness.For them,however,there is also another side to dignity,namely,a potential of the human being to be realized.From the perspective of phenomenology,human dignity cannot be separated from human consciousness of dignity,which is a pure spiritual phenomenon.It involves the question of how self exists with others in their relationship,and therefore is a relational and open consciousness of self towards others.The consciousness of dignity cannot be separated from one's ability to give value,the consciousness of value difference and the consciousness of value hierarchy.It is a kind of"we"consciousness in essence,but it really maintains the independence and autonomy of individuals.It is a kind of consciousness potential that human beings create hope for themselves.

关 键 词：帕斯卡尔 休谟 康德 尊严 谱系学 现象学 

分 类 号：B038[哲学宗教—哲学理论]