文化外交政策驱动下德国海外学校的发展历程、特征与启示  

History, Characteristics and Inspirations of the Development of German Schools Abroad Driven by Cultural Diplomacies

作　　者：曲梅 吕文雯 江竹君[3] QU Mei;LYU Wenwen;JIANG Zhujun(Center for China and Globalization,Beijing 100004,China;School of International Studies,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China;Institute of International and Comparative Education,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]全球化智库(CCG),北京100004 [2]中国人民大学国际关系学院,北京100872 [3]北京师范大学国际与比较教育研究院,北京100875

出　　处：《比较教育学报》2023年第3期54-70,共17页Journal of Comparative Education

基　　金：国家社会科学基金“十四五”规划2021年度教育学一般课题“世界主要国家中小学全球胜任力课程比较研究”(项目编号:BDA210078)。

摘　　要：德国海外学校是德国文化外交的重要抓手。与资本驱动下的英语国际学校发展情况不同,德国海外学校在一波三折的文化外交取向驱动下呈现出独特的发展路径,经历了三次重要转变:19世纪中期至二战结束,德国海外学校在国家主义取向影响下实现了宗教学校的世俗化转型,但又因国家主义取向丧失理性而沦为政府宣传德意志优越性的工具;二战结束后,德国海外学校受多元主义取向影响进入“去纳粹化”阶段,并产生了理想化的“相遇学校”;两德统一后,全球主义取向乘势兴起,在“学校:塑造未来的伙伴”倡议推动下,逐步构建起开放性的海外学校系统。德国海外学校的发展历程虽然曲折,但其本质上仍然是以“国家主义理性化”为主线的文化外交政策工具,在政策认同感和政策环境的影响下,德国海外学校在办学模式上不断反思、创新,从偏执走向开放。以德国为鉴,海外中国国际学校在办学方向上可依托国际理解教育,探讨适合中国的新路径;在办学形式上,加强对海外教育需求和办学条件的调研,精准施策;在顶层设计上,整合现有海外教育力量,打破资源壁垒。German schools abroad are an important tool of cultural diplomacy of Germany.Different from the capital-driven development of English international schools,German schools abroad have shown a unique development path driven by cultural diplomacy strategies,and have undergone three important transformation phases:(1)from the mid-19th century to the end of World War II,German schools abroad were secularized under the influence of the nationalism,but they lost rationality and became a propaganda tool of the government to promote German superiority;(2)after the end of World War II,German schools abroad entered a phase of“Denazification”influenced by pluralism and gave rise to the idealized“encounter schools”;(3)after the reunification of Germany and the rise of the globalism,the German government proposed the“Schools:Partners for the Future”(PASCH)initiative and gradually built up a global and open school system.Despite the ups and downs in their development,German schools abroad are essentially a tool of cultural diplomacy based on"rationalization of nationalism",and under the influence of policy identity and environment,the schools abroad have been constantly rethinking and innovating in their mode of operation,and gradually developing into an open school system.With Germany as a reference,China may build a new pathway for its international schools by drawing upon Education for International Understanding;strengthen research on the needs and conditions of overseas education,and implement precise strategies;and integrate existing overseas education forces in the top-level design to break down resource barriers.

关 键 词：德国 海外学校 国家主义 多元主义 全球主义 

分 类 号：G4[文化科学—教育学]