从小句的主语看英语、汉语、阿拉伯语之间的本质差异  

The Subject of the Clause and Essential Differences Between English,Chinese and Arabic

作　　者：何伟 向珍飚 He Wei;Xiang Zhen-biao(National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education,Beijing Foreign Studies University,Beijing 100089,China)

机构地区：[1]北京外国语大学中国外语与教育研究中心,北京100089

出　　处：《外语学刊》2023年第3期39-48,共10页Foreign Language Research

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“‘一带一路’沿线国家语言资源数据库建设及汉外对比研究”(19ZDA319)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：主客关系是哲学层面对事物间联系的本质概括。本文从系统功能语言学加的夫语法视角分别考察英语、汉语、阿拉伯语小句的主语,探讨同一句法成分在不同语言中的体现形式、语义功能以及背后构建的主客关系,进而揭示3种语言在哲学基本思维方式上的本质差异。研究发现:英语、汉语、阿拉伯语小句的主语在形式和语义层分别彰显言说主体/客体、小句主体/客体等两对主客体之间不同的离合程度;其中,英语呈现主客分离的特征;汉语主客分离程度较低,主客融合程度高;阿拉伯语主客分离态势较英语更为明显。The subject-object relationship is the essential generalization of the relationships between things at the philosophical level.Based on the Cardiff Grammar within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics,this paper investigates the Subject element of English,Chinese and Arabic clauses,discusses the realizations and semantic functions of the same syntactic component in these three languages,and explores the subject-object relationship behind it,so as to reveal the essential differences between these three languages in terms of basic philosophical thinking modes.It is found that the realizations and semantic functions of the Subject element in English,Chinese and Arabic clauses are respectively featured by different degrees of separation and integration between subject and object.Specifically,English is featured by the separation between subject and object,reflecting the subjectobject dichotomy in Western culture.Chinese is featured by the integration of subject and object,reflecting a cultural preference for the unity of man and nature.Arabic is featured by a higher degree of the separation between subject and object than English,reflecting both the essence of ancient Greek philosophy,which has long influenced the Arabic culture,and the religious ontology of Islam,which emphasizes a strict dichotomy between subject and object.

关 键 词：主语 英语 汉语 阿拉伯语 主客关系 本质差异 

分 类 号：H0[语言文字—语言学]