跨情境的刺激泛化在面孔信任形成中的作用:基于直接互动与观察学习的视角  

The role of cross-situational stimulus generalization in the formation of trust towards face:A perspective based on direct and observational learning

作　　者：袁博[1] 王晓萍[1] 尹军[1] 李伟强[1] YUAN Bo;WANG Xiaoping;YIN Jun;LI Weiqiang(Department of Psychology,Ningbo University,Ningbo 315211,China)

机构地区：[1]宁波大学心理学系暨研究所,浙江宁波315211

出　　处：《心理学报》2023年第7期1099-1114,共16页Acta Psychologica Sinica

基　　金：全国教育科学规划一般项目“青少年道德决策中的同伴影响及其认知情感机制研究”(BBA210033)。

摘　　要：基于联结学习理论(associative learning theory),通过3项实验考察了跨情境(公平−信任)的刺激泛化在面孔信任形成中的作用。实验1a和实验1b分别从直接互动和观察学习视角,发现了面孔信任形成中跨情境的刺激泛化效应(stimulus generalization effect),即相比于中等不公平条件,随着被信任者的面孔与先前互动中公平(不公平)分配者面孔相似度的增加,个体对其信任程度逐渐增加(降低);并且这一效应具有不对称性(asymmetry),对不公平分配者面孔的泛化强度高于对公平分配者面孔的泛化强度。采用漂移扩散模型(Drift-Diffusion Modeling,DDM)分析发现,不公平条件下的漂移率v显著小于中等不公平或公平条件下的漂移率v,且大多分布在小于0区间;表明在对与先前互动中不公平分配者面孔相似的陌生面孔进行信任决策时,个体更倾向累积不信任的证据。实验2结果发现,行为意图在刺激泛化效应的产生中起到调节作用;在无意图条件下,上述跨情境的刺激泛化效应消失。上述结果表明,个体采用联结学习机制将不同情境中习得的刺激价值联结泛化到新的互动情境中,进而指导随后的信任决策。How do humans learn to trust unfamiliar others?Decisions in the absence of direct knowledge rely on our ability to generalize from past experiences and are often shaped by the degree of similarity between prior experience and novel situations.A previous study suggested that people use stimulus generalization from the same situation as a mechanism for learning to trust towards strangers.However,it is still unclear whether this stimulus generalization effect exists across different situations,and the role of intention perception in this effect.Here,we leverage a stimulus generalization framework to examine how perceptual similarity between known individuals and unfamiliar strangers across different interactive situations shapes people’s trust towards strangers.Given that the strong adaptability of the stimulus generalization mechanism,we assume that the faces associated with different degrees of unfairness will affect the individual's trust towards similar unfamiliar faces,and intention perception modulates this process.Three experiments were conducted to examine the above hypothesis.In Experiment 1a and Experiment 1b,participants play or observe an iterative ultimatum game with three partners who exhibit highly unfair,medium unfair,or highly fair behavior.After learning who was the fair/unfair allocator,participants select new partners for a trust game.Unbeknownst to participants,each potential new partner was parametrically morphed with one of the three original players.In Experiment 2,participants play a similar iterative ultimatum game with three partners,nevertheless the allocations were generated by a computer algorithm which excludes the intention of the allocator.A mixed linear regression was conducted,with both(un)fairness type(whether faces were morphed with the original fair,medium unfair,unfair allocator’face)and perceptual similarity(increasing similarity to the original face,23%,34%,45%,56%,67%,78%)were entered as predictors of choosing to play with the morphed face.The result of Experiment 1a and

关 键 词：信任形成 联结学习 刺激泛化 行为意图 漂移扩散模型 

分 类 号：B849[哲学宗教—应用心理学] C91[哲学宗教—心理学]