论军用无人潜航器的豁免权及其规制  

Sovereign Immunities of Military-Used Unmanned Undersea Vehicles and Its Regulation

作　　者：翟仲 ZHAI Zhong(Institute of Legal Studies,Research Institute of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force,Beijing 100101,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民武装警察部队研究院法制研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《中国海商法研究》2023年第2期94-103,共10页Chinese Journal of Maritime Law

基　　金：2019年度上海交通大学文科科研创新项目“我国拓展海洋新疆域的国内立法保障问题研究”(WKCX1903)。

摘　　要：2016年南海无人潜航器扣押事件凸显了外国军用无人潜航器所引起的豁免权问题。军用无人潜航器可被视为《联合国海洋法公约》规定的军舰或非商业目的的政府船舶从而享有豁免权,但能否被视为国家财产以取得豁免权尚存争议。就豁免权的法律限制而言,《联合国海洋法公约》第25条、第32条的规定可为领海内军舰和非商业目的的政府船舶在豁免权上的限制提供依据,而军用无人潜航器军事化的工作性质、隐蔽而难以联络的运行特点,以及对无人潜航器采取措施的相对较低成本,将有助于沿海国采用比载人军舰更为严格的活动管理方式。应对《海警法》就识别查证环节、性质认定环节和执法措施环节进行解释或补充,以准确实现对外国军用无人潜航器在中国管辖海域的法律规制。The capture of unmanned undersea vehicles(UUVs)in the South China Sea in 2016 raised the issue of sovereign immunities of foreign military-used UUVs.Military-used UUVs may be considered as sovereign immune crafts by being regarded as warships or government vessels for non-commercial purposes as prescribed in United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS),but whether they can obtain immunities by being considered as state properties remains uncertain.As for the legal constrains with regard to such sovereign immunities,the provisions of Articles 25 and 32 of UNCLOS may provide a legal basis for restrictions on the immunities of warships and government vessels in territorial waters.Military functions,mysterious operations,lack of effective communication of UUVs and the low cost of enforcement to UUVs will make it easier for coastal states to impose stricter restrictions to UUVs than manned warships.In view of this,relevant provisions of the Coast Guard Law of the People’s Republic of China should be interpreted or supplemented with regard to the process of identification and verification,nature determination as well as enforcement measures respectively,so as to establish a legal framework of law-enforcement measures against foreign military UUVs within waters under China’s national jurisdiction.

关 键 词：无人潜航器 《联合国海洋法公约》 豁免权 《海警法》 军舰 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]